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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


5«l    O'-aroXCyTurliy'^ 


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'it.  ?  Ai'''^'^ 


IRON  ORE 

ZINC 

COAL 

COPPER 


^^^^^^^^^^^^^^T^F^^^^^ 


HAND-BOOK 


■OF 


X  J_j1N  in  J  J  CD  )0  I  J I  J. 


P  K  E  P  A  11  E  D    BY 


COMMISSIONER      OF       AGRICULTUKE,     STATISTICS,       MIN'E.S       AND 
IMMKiRATIOX, 


ASSISTED    BY 

HENRY  E.  COLTON. 

PKACTICAT.  CEOLOfHSr  AXD   MIXI.VG    K^'Gl^'KKI^ 


NASHVILLE,  TENX..  1832. 


K  N  O  X  V  I  L  L  E,    T  E  N  N.  : 
Whig  and  Chkoxicle  Steam  Book  akd  Job  PfiiKxrN'J  OifB'V3B. 

1882. 


Geography  of  Tennessee, 


Tennessee  ii?  houudwl  on  the  east  1j}-  North  C'aroliua,  on  the 
north  by  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  on  the  ^vest  by  the  Missis.sippi 
River,  Avhieh  separates  it  from  ^lissouri  and  Arkansas,  and  on 
the  south  by  Missi?-'sippi,  Ahibania  and  Oeoruia.  It  lies  between 
the  parallels  :V)°  and  80°  4r  north  latitude,  and  ><V  87'  and 
90°  28'  longitude  west  from  ( h-eenwich..  The  width  of  the  .State 
from  north  to  south  is  a])proximately  110  miles,  while  its  len<jth 
is  about  480  miles. 

MOIWTAINS. 

Within  the  Stute  are  partes  bf  two  great  uKjuntain  ranges 
■which  extend  quite  across,  running  from  northeast  t(j  southwest. 
The  first  ai'  these  is  the  Apalachian  chain,  which  by  its  greater 
axis  forms  the  dividing  line  l)etween  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see. These  mountains,  known  locally  as  the  I'nakas  or  (Jreat 
Smoky  ^NEountains,  occu])y  a  beir  within  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  State,  and  as  before  .-tatu<l,  extend  entirely  across  it.  Their 
highest  peaks  rise  to  an  altitude  of  more  tliau  six  thousand  feet. 
The  mountain  cliain  is  cut  into  deejt,  roeky  gorgt^,  affording 
channels  foi'  the  passage  of  tributJiries  of  the  Holstuu  and  Ten- 
nessee Rivers,  which  enter  the  St:ite  from  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  Entangled,  as  it  were,  between  this  mountain  range 
and  ii-s  outliei-s  are  a  number  of  <-oves  aiid  valleys  of  great 
beauty  and  feitility. 

The  second,  mountain  chain  is  known  in  Tennessee  as  the  ( 'um- 
berland  Mountains,  which  enter  frc^m  Southwestei-n  Virginia  and 
Southeastern  Kentucky  juid  cxteiKl  to  the  Alabama  and  (Georgia 
line.  This  i-angc  consists  mainly  of  an  elevated  plateau  or  table- 
and,  having  a  comparatively  level  surface  and  an  elevation  of 
about  2,000  feet.  Its  width  v;irics  fr(im  thiity  to  -ixty  miles. 
Its  eastern  escar]>ment  is  genei'ally  i-egular  and  precipitous. 
Walden's  Ridge,  which,  may  be  regarded  as  an  outlier  of  the 
Cumberland  ^lountains,  Ls  separated  from  the  main  plateau  by 
the  Sequatchee  Valley,  and  extends  along  its  eastern  base  nearly 


HAVD-MOOK    OF    TKNNKSHIOK. 


arnis?  tlio  S(al(%  ami  yivrs  ri.so  to  soma  poaU.s  which  townr  con- 
sirlorably  al)ovt>  th(>  ji^ciu'ral  level  of  th(^  ])lat('an.  South  f)f  the 
TeniiessiH'  IJivir,  near  ('hattanouu;a,  Jionkmit  .Moiiiitiiin  rir^-s 
just  >Yithin  the  limits  of  Tennessee  and  extendi  into  (Jcor^ijia. 
The  we.-Jtern  faee  of  the  jdateaii  is  inucli  frin^i'efl  and  notched  by 
coves  whicli  cut  their  way  f:ir  into  the  mountain.  Some  of  the 
western  outliers  form  ])eaks  which  rise  to  the  level  of  the  plat(!au. 
This  mountain  rantii:e  forms  the  dividinj;  line  between  the  civil 
divisions  of  the  State,  known  respectively  as  East  and  Middle 
Tennesset^ 

RIVERS,  LAKES,  ETC. 

Tennessee  has  three  threat  rivers  which,  with  their  tributaries, 
constitute  ihree  great  river  systems.  The  Hr^t  of  these,  as  it 
finally  receives  the  waters  of  the  other  two,  is  the  i\Iissi.s»ippi, 
which,  in  its  tortiious,  though  generally  southern  course  for  sev- 
eral hundred  mile^s,  washes  tjie  western  shores  of  Tennessee. 
The  principal  tributaries  Avhich  empty  into  it  within  the  State 
are  the  Obion,  Forked  Deer  and  I5ig  Platchee.  These  streams, 
rising  in  the  interior,  flow  in  a  general  northwesterly  course 
until  they  reach  the  alluvial  bottom  of  the  ^Ii.<sissippi,  when, 
taking  a  more  southerly  course,  they  debouch  into  that  stream* 
The  next,  with  regard  to  size,  is  the  Tennessee,  the  headwatora 
of  which  are  formed  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  Virginia.  I'nder 
the  mime  of  the  Holston  it  enters  Tennessee  and  forms  a  junction, 
with  French  Broad  River  near  Knoxville,  where  it  takes  the 
luime  of  the  Tennessee.  In  its  <^ourse  through  East  Tennc,-*soe 
its  volume  i,-  in<'n';i.<»vl  l)v  the  wntci's  of  tlu'  ^Vulallga,  the  Nola 
Chucky,  tlie  French  Broad,  the  Little  Tennessee,  the  Iliawassoe 
and  other  streams  which  have  their  sources  in  the  mount^iins  of 
North  Carolina,  the  Ocoec  fro?n  ( loorgia  :\U(\  smaller  streams 
from  the  Cmnberland  ^^ouutains.  Finally,  l)rcaking  through 
AValden's  Kidge  into  the  Scqiuitchee  Valley  e.nd  following  the 
trough  of  that  vtdley,  it  crosses  into  Alalnnua,  whence  it  again 
returns  to  T(Min(\-<see  :md  runs  in  a  northwesterly  course  across 
the  State  into  Kentucky,  where  it  falls  into  the  Ohio.  In  its 
second  course  through  the  State  it  separates  the  civil  divisions  of 
Middle  and  West  TennCvSsee.  Its  'princiiml  tributaries,  aftor  re- 
entering the  State,  are  Duck  River  from  the  east  and  Beech  and 
Big  Sandy  from  the  west.  The  T(>nnessee  Hiver  is  navigtible 
at  all  seasons   from   the   mouth   at    Paducah,  Kv.,  to  the  Mussel 


HAyD-BO(~)K    OF    TE-VXEvSSKE.  I 

SShoals  in  Alali:un;i.  A1)l)vo  thc.-^e  shoals  it  Ls  again  navigable  to 
Kiug^toii,  and  in  favorable  seasons  to  Knoxville. 

The  C'umberlaud  Kiver  rises  in  .Southeastern  Kentucky,  and, 
pur:^uing  a  generally  southeasterly  course,  enters  Tennessee  in 
<Jlay  County.  With  a  beautiful  curve  it  sweeps  toward  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  State  and  passes  through  the  city  of  Nash- 
ville, thence  by  a  northwesterly  course  it  seeks  an  outlet  into 
Kentucky  and  empties  into  the  Ohio  at  Smithland.  Its  princi- 
pal tributaries  are  the  Obed,  Roaring,  Caney  Fork,  Harpeth  and 
Red  Rivers.  The  entire  length  of  the  Cumberland  is  about  6r>0 
milas  and,  with  proper  improvements,  it  can  be  nuide  navigable 
for  nearly  600  miles. 

Besides  these  rivers  and  their  tributaries,  there  are  many 
streams  of  smaller  size,  rivei*s  and  creeks,  which  furnish  excel- 
lent wat<^r-powers.  These,  however,  will  be  noted  in  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  counties  to  which  they  pertain. 

In  the  alluvial  valley  of  the  ]Mississippi  there  are  many  lakes 
and  bayous,  but  only  one  of  sufficient  impoi-tance  to  demand 
;!*pecial  notice.  Reelfoot  Lake  is  a  curious  body  of  water  lying 
between  the  counties  of  Obion  and  Lake.  It  is  about  eighteen 
miles  in  length  by  from  one  to  three  miles  in  v.idth.  In  many 
places  the  water  is  shallow,  but  at  some  places  is  of  unknown 
■depth.  The  waters  have  an  outlet  through  Reelfoot  Creek  into 
the  Obion  River.  Tliis  lake  is  said  to  have  been  formed  by  the 
•earthquakes  of  1811,  which  are  supposed  to  have  depressed  the 
:area  now  covered  by  water  below  its  former  level.  The  lake  ia 
a  great  })lace  of  resort  for  sportsmen  who  have  a  fondness  for  the 
srod  and  gun,  as  both  fish  and  fowls  are  found  in  abundance. 


Topography, 


T(.p()L'-f:'.j>liic;illy  considcicMl,  Toiiuossco  )ii'i'Sfiits  ci^lit  iiivtural 
divisions.     Thc^e  divisions  are  (Icscrihi'd  as  Inllows: 

I'^irst,  the  Unaht  division,  inchidiiiii-  tlie  extrenic  <'astorn  ])or- 
tion  of  the  ^'tatc,  and  cniliraciiiL;'  a  l»elt  ol' roimt iv  l'ri;ni  \'ii'::inia 
to  tlie  (leoriiia  line,  it  ineludes  tlie  iireatei"  portion  of  the  eouu- 
ties  of  Jolmson,  Cartel-,  {Ireone,  Sevier,  Blount,  Monroe  and  Polk. 
Tlie  I'ace  of  the  cniuitry  is  exeeedinulv  rouLih.  Majiv  of  the 
mountain  |)eaks  rise  to  t!ie  altitude  of  from  five  to  six  thi^usand 
feet,  and  are  on  (op  entirely  destitute  of  timber.  The  ehaias  of 
mountain  ridges  aie  cul  in  nuiut'rous  plaees  by  deep,  roeky  chan- 
nels, through  whirh  the  iiiii])i<l  mountain  streams  rush  to  the 
valley  below.  Xestlinir  aniouLi'  these  iiiant  I'nakas  are  many 
beautful  coves  an<l  valleys  which  lifiiird  homes  for  a  (••)ntente(l 
and  happy  j)eoj)le. 

Our  second  division  liaving  distinct  to})oiiraplncal  features  is- 
the  Valley  of  Fjud  Tennessee.  This  division  extends  aero.ss  the- 
State  from  north  to  south,  beino-  limited  on  the  east  by  the  Una- 
kas  and  on  tlie  west  by  the  Cumberland  Mount-ains.  Jt  is  called 
a  valley  with  reference  to  the.se  mountain  ranges,  and,  with  out- 
lying coves  and  valleys,  emi>racc;s  in  whole  or  in  part  the  fbllow- 
ing  counties:  Hancock.  Hawkins,  (iraingei-,  I'nion,  .Jefter.son, 
Knox,  Roane,  Meigs,  liradley,  Hambleji,  Carter,  .Johnson,  "Wash- 
ington, ( Jreene,  Sevier,  Cocke,  r)Iount,  Monroe,  I'olk,  Claiborne, 
Anderson,  Hhea,  James,  Ilamiitou,  ]>iedsoe,  Setjuatchie  and 
Mariini. 

This  so-called  N'alley  of  ]]a-t  Tennessee  is.  in  point  of  fact,  a 
guecessi(.n  of  narrow  ridges  and  valleys,  of  gi-eater  or  less  width, 
treiiding  from  northeast  to  south\si>^t.  The  ridges  sometimes  rise 
to  the  altitude  of  n)ountaius.  Tlu'  valleys  are  traversed  by  beau- 
tiful streams,  some  of  which  are  navigable  and  all  of  which 
iiflbrd  abundant  watcr-jxiwer.  This  division  ati'ords  much  val- 
uable arable  land  which  has  l)een  converted  into  beautiful  farms,, 
and  which  constitutes  one  of  the  l)est  develoj)ed  and  most  populous 
agricultural  districts  of  the  Stale. 


HAXD-IiOOK    OF    TKNNK.SSEK.  1> 

The  Cv'inhcrland  Plateon  or  Tiihle  Land  constitutes  our  tliird 
division,  ernbraciiit,^  tlie  whole  or  parts  of  the  foUoAviuii-  t^ountiesv 
to-wit:  >Scott,  ^lor^an,  Cumberland,  Fentress,  Van  Buren,  Bled- 
soe, Grundv,  Sequatchie,  Marion,  Clailxnne,  Campbell,  Anderson, 
Khea,  Hamilton,  Overton,  Putnam,  White,  Franklin,  Warren 
and  Coffee.  As  this  division  has  already  i)een  described  under 
the  head  (»f  the  Cumberland  Mountains  a  repetition  is  unnec- 
essarv.     This  is  tlie  coal  region  of  Tennessee. 

The  iburth  and  fifth  divisions  must  of  necessity  be  spoken  of 
in  connection  with  each  other,  as  the  fifth  is  entirely  encircled 
by  the  fourth.  In  the  very  center  of  the  State  there  is  a  depres- 
srcn  of  an  oval  form,  extending  n.early  across  the  State  from 
north  to  south,  having  in  this  direction  a  length  of  about  80 
miles,  by  a  breadth  from  east  to  v.est  of  from  30  to  (>0  miles. 
This  depression  is  known  as  the  Great  Central  Basin,  and  is  our 
fifth  division.  Surrounding  this  basin  is  a  circle  of  highlands, 
known  as  the  Highland  Eim  of  Middle  Tennessee.  This  is  our 
fourth  division,  and  extends  from  the  western  base  of  the  Cum- 
berlaHd  INIountains  to  the  western  valley  of  the  Tennessee  River, 
and  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State- 
ThL'^  highland  rim  has  an  elevation  of  about  l.OOO  feet  a])ove  the 
level  of  the  sea-.  These  highlands,  though  called  a  rim,  In  many- 
places  spread  into  extensive  ])lateaus.  The  edges  of  tlie  rim 
which  immediately  surround  the  Inisin  are  much  cut  and  fringed 
by  narrow  valleys  which  reach  out  int(j  the  highlands.  The 
stre4imi;  which  have  their  sources  at  high  altitudes  have  cut  dee[> 
channek,  down  which  they  rush  impetuously  over  rapids  or  leap 
in  cataracts  to  the  basin  ]»eiow.  Tlie  Cumberland  River 
forcej;  it^  way  through  the  surrounding  rim  into  the  central 
basin,  whence  it  escapes  in  a  noithwesterly  direction. 

The  Central  Basin  is  essentially  different  in  its  topographical 
features  from  the  surrounding  highlands.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally undulating,  though  rounded  knobs  and  hills  are  frequently 
met  with.  The  land  is  generally  fertile  and  well  adapted  to- 
cultivation,  though  considerable  areas  are  found  which  are  cov- 
ered with  shaly  limestone,  w-hicli  renders  them  unfit  for  tillag-e. 

These  two  divisions  extend  over  all  of  the  civil  division  ui 
Middle  Tennes.see,  except  so  much  of  it  as  lies  upon  the  Cumber- 
land Plateau  and  in  the  wastern  valley  of  the  Tennessee. 

Our  sixth  divisi(jn  is  a  comparatively  small  one,  being  restricted 
to  the  generally  narrow  and  somewhat  rugged  valley  of  the  Ten- 
nessee  River  in   its   western   passage  across  the   State  afler  its 


10  lIAMi-IJODK    OK     rr-NNKHSICF.. 

rrfurn  from  .\]al);ini;i.  This  vall<'y  is  irn>jriil;ir  in  form;  so?nn- 
.tiincs  fii;>  ri(li;('s  or  s])iirs  of  liiL(lil!iii'ls  \\]ti^u  the  one  side  or  the 
.other  jut  (juilo  into  t.h(^  river  hank.  At  some  ]>;)ints  whore  the 
valley  has  ^n'ater  .width  it  is  {)artly  oeeuj>ie<l  with  ia^oons  tind 
marshes.  Some  points  in  tliis  vallf-y  j)resent  considerable  arena 
of  fertile  tillable  laiiil.  On  some  of  the  tributaries  of  thi.s  Htreain, 
.especially  Diu'k  River  on  the  eastern  si<le  and  IViu;  Sandy  on  the 
western,  arms  of  the  valley  extend  far  into  the  interior  and  have 
much  arable  huid.  The  ascent  from  the  valley  on  each  side  in 
tienerally  al)nij)t  aiid  often  precij)itous. 

The  seventh  division  comprises  the  u;reat  ])]at<^au  or  Slope  of 
West  Tennessee,  extendin;;-  from  the  valley  last  described  to  the 
bluffs  borderin;^  the  alluvial  bottom  of  the  Mississipin.  Thus 
vast  area,  coveriiiiij  nearly  all  of  seventeen  counties,  is,  for  the 
anost  i)art,  a  irently-undulating  ))Iain.  Ilisinu-  rapidly  from  the 
Tennes.«ee  Valley  till  an  avera_L!;e  elevation  of  about  700  feet  is 
re^'iched,  this  plateau  then  gradually  falls  off  to  the  west,  or  north- 
Avcst,  till  the  v,(\stei'n  blufi.s  are  reached,  at  a  distance  of  about 
100  miles.  Traversing  this  area  are  occasional  ridges  of  low 
hills,  generally  irregular  in  direction,  but  with  a  tendency  frona 
jiorthe^ist  to  southwest.  There  are  also  niinn'rous  streams,  nm- 
ning  generally  to  the  northwest,  with  broad  valleys  and  sluggish 
currents.  In  some  localities  these  valleys  are  marshy  and  unfit 
for  cultivation,  but,  taken  as  a  whole,  this  section  is.  one  of  great 
fertility,  and  capable  of  i^ustainiug  a  den.<c  population. 

The  eighth  and  last  of  tlu^e  divisions  embraces  the  Alhivml 
Valley  of  the  jNIississippi,  so  far  a.s  it  lies  within  the  limits  of 
Tennessee.  On  its  eastern  side,  Avhere  it  is  outlined  by  the  bluffe, 
it  pursues  a  tolerably  direct  line  tVum  northeast  to  southwest; 
but  on  the  western  side,  Avhere  its  limits  are  marked  by  the  devi- 
ous course  of  the  river,  it  is  quite  irregular.  At  Fulton,  Ran- 
(h^ljih  and  Ab:'m])his  th.e  river  washes  the  foot  of  the  bluffs,  cutting 
the  valley  into  sections.  Tiie  general  aspect  of  this  valley  is  low 
iind  mar.'^hy.  Many  small  Iake^s  and  lagoons  are  found  in  its 
limit"?.  It  is  covered  with  densi'  irnnvlh  of  timber  and  is  of  ex- 
•cecding  fertility.  T*ortions  not  Jiiarshy  arc  in  cultivation  and 
yield  heavy  cro(\s. 


Geological  Features, 


It  if-  no  part  of  my  present  purpose  to  enter  into  a.  minute 
.examination  of  the  geology  of  Tennessee,  but  to  present  merely 
:HUch  outline  of  its  various  formations  as  will  enable  the  intelli- 
gent reader  to  form  a  proximate  estimate  of  the  soils  and  min- 
erals of  the  various  sections  of  the  8tate. 

As  all  soils  have  been  formed  either  by  the  decomposition  of 
the  superincumbent  rocks,  gradually  becoming  intermingled  with 
decayed  vegetable  matter,  or  by  the  deposit  of  earthy  matter 
from  water  which  may  at  some  period  have  covercvd  the  surface, 
it  follows  that  the  soil  nuist  be  such  as  ra^vdts  from  such  decom- 
position and  the  character  of  tlie  watei-y  deposits. 

According  to  geologists,  the  rocks  of  Tennessee  are  referred  to 
■eight  diff'fM-ent  groups,  containing  the  formations  of  thirteen  pe- 
riods. These,  lieginning  from  the  lower  or  oldest  formations  and 
upward  to  the  hiter  formations,  are : 

1st.  Mdamorphic,  Metamorphic  rocks. 

2d.  L(^iver  Siluriau,  embracing  the  Potsdam,  Quebec  and  Tren- 
ton  periods. 

od.  The  Upper  iSihirian,  containing  the  Niagara  and  tiie 
Jvower  Hehlerberg. 

4th.    The  Devonian,  with  a  ^^ingle  jx^dod,  the  flamiltou. 

5th.  The  Ckirhonifernus,  containing  the  I.,ower  Carboniliirous 
and  the  Coal  Pleasure  periods. 

fith.    The  f'reiaceons,  with  the  Cretaceous  periods. 

7th.    The  Tertiary,  with  the  T(>rtiaiT  period. 

8th.  The  (.^itctrterminj  and  Modern,  embracing  the  Quart.cr- 
mary,  the  Terrace  and  tlio  Human  y)eriods. 

These  thirteen  j)eriods  in  their  lurn  contain  twenty-six  forma- 
tions : 

1st.    The  Metamorphir  formation. 

LM.  The  Pid.^dam,  containing  the  Oeoee  and  the  Chilhowee 
Sandstones. 

;>d.  The  (^uehoe  period  gives  the  Knox  Sandstone,  the  Knox 
^hale  and  the  Knox  Dolomite. 


12  HANIi-i;o<iK    or    TKNNKSh-KK, 

4tii.  The  'rrrntoii.  )>ci'i(irl  has  tlic  'I'i'»  iitini  nr  Lcljaiioii  and  the 
]S:i.'^hvilh'  (ir  ( "iiiciiiiiati  Liiiicstdiic. 

Ath.  7'/ir  Nuujarn  period  has  tlic  Clinch  Mcnintain  Samlstnnp, 
the  White  Oalv  iMoiiiitaiu  Sand.-ti'iic,  l!ie  Dycstone  f^ronp,  and  iho 
Nia!,fai':i  Liiuoione. 

(•th.  T lie  Lower  IJf.'/<hrl)rr(/  \\i\^  only  the  llei(h'jl)erii-  Ijinie- 
stoiuv. 

7th.    7  Itc  JJcvonian  period  iiives  only  the  Black  Shale. 

8th.  The  Lower  Carbonljerons  jn'riod  ha.s  the  Barren  uroup, 
the  Coral  or  St.  l.,oiii.<    Limestone  and   the  .Mountain  Limestone. 

9th.  TJie  Coal  Mc('.!<urc  jieriod  i-oniains  onlv  the  C'oul  .MeiLS- 
ures. 

10th.  21ie  Cretaceous  jieriod  contains  the  Coffee  Sands,  the 
Rotten  Limestone  or  Green  Sand  and  the  Kipley  Sands. 

11th.  The  Terliury  period  j^ives  the  Flat  Woods  Santls  ami 
Clay.s,  and  the  Lao-range  Sands. 

12th.  'TIte  Qaarternary  and  Modern,  period  furnishes  the 
Orange  Saml  or  Drift,  tlie  Bluff'  Loam  or  Loess  and  Alluvium. 

Thei^e  formations  occupy,  with  more  or  less  distinctness,  differ- 
ent portions  of  the  State,  and  exercise  their  special  influence 
uix)n  the  soils  where  they  j)revail. 

I  shall  briefly  refer  in  this  chapter  t(j  the  localities  in  which 
they  res])ectively  prevail,  and  the  general  character  of  tlie  soil 
which  tb.ey  furnish  and  the  jjrincijjal  minerals  which  they  con- 
tain. 

The  ^-letanKjrphic  rocks  are  found  ojdy  in  the  limited  area 
occupic^d  by  the  I'liak;'.  Mountains  on  the  North  Cai-olina  bor- 
der. The  soil  resulting  from  their  disintegration  is  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  wild  grasses,  and  in  s;»me  localities  yields  a  fine 
growth  of  timber.  The  magnetic  iron  of  Carter  County  and  the 
copper  of  Polk  are  found  in  this  formaticjn. 

The  Ocoee  group  embracing  conglomerates,  slates  and  sand- 
stones, forms  a  belt  extending  from  tj>e  Georgia  line  running 
parallel  with  the  North  Carolina  line  jind  including  portions  of 
Polk,  Monroe,  Cocke  and  Greene  Counties.  The  soil  is  of  the 
saiue  general  character  as  the  preceding,  but  this  section  contains 
iaterpolated  beds  of  limestone,  which  yields  a  more  generous  soil^ 
The  greater  part  of  this  section  is  mountainous,  but  abounding  in 
excellent  sunnncr  psisturage.  Hoofing  slate  and  some  gold  are 
found  in  this  fornsation. 

Chllhowee  iSandstone.  This  rock  is  found  in  the  Chilhowee- 
and    similiur    mountains,  outliers    of    the    Unaka     range.      It 


HAXD-BOOK    OF    TKXXIvsSEE.  13 

occupies  portion.-  of  the  eastern  counties  of  the  State.  The  soil  is 
of  little  value  for  tillage,  but  the  mountains  in  summer  are 
clothed  with  succulent  grasses. 

Knox  Sanrlsfonp,  outcrops  in  the  long  narrow  ridges  which  in- 
tersect East  Tennessee  from  Northeast  to  Southwest.  It  is  found 
in  nearly  every  county  in  this  division  of  the  State.  By  its  re- 
sistance to  erosive  influences,  it  maintains  the  ridge-like  form. 
The  soil  which  it  yields  lacks  fertility.  It  contains  many  valua- 
ble beds  of  iron  ore  besides  other  minerals. 

Khox  Slude.  This  may  be  called  a  group  rather  than  a  single 
formation,  as  the  shale  is  largely  intei'inixed  Avith  different  forms 
of  calcareous  or  siliceous  rocks.  This  group  occupies  n)any 
beautiful  valleys,  which  traverse  East  Tennessee.  Owing  to  the 
presence  of  large  quantities  of  calcareous  and  siliceous  matter  in 
the  soil,  it  is  highly  productive  and  yields  abundant  crops.  Some 
beds  of  ii-on  ore  are  found  in  this  formation. 

Knox  Dolomite.  This  formation  occupies  a  large  portion  of 
the  valley  of  East  Tennessee,  but  is  found  no  where  else  in  the 
State  exce])t  in  a  limited  area  in  Hiiust«n  Countv.  It  is  a 
Maguesian  limestone  of  great  thickne.-<«.  By  disintegration,  it 
affords  an  excellent  soil.  Mucii  ot  the  fine  arable  land  of  East 
Tennessee  rests  upon  Knox  Doxomite.  This  formation  contains 
many  vaiuai)ie  beds  of  iron  ore  besides  Galena,  ores  of  zinc, 
manganese,  and  other  minerals. 

Trenton  or  Lebajion  mid  Ka-^hrine  or  Cincinnati  Groups. 
These  formations,  for  our  present  purpose,  may  l>e  treated  together. 
They  consist  mainly  of  blue  limestone,  but  are  not  homogeneous, 
containing  in'miuiy  places,  chert  sandstone  and  various  other  rocks. 

In  East  Tennessee,  these  formations  occupy  c(m.«iderable  ter- 
ritory. They  also  occupy  nearly  the  Avhole  extent  of  the  great 
central  basin  of  ]N[iddle  Tennessee.  P^or  fertility  and  adaptation, 
for  cultivation,  the  soil,  resulting  from  these  rocks  is  scarcely  sur- 
])assed.  Besides  the  localities  named,  these  rocks  are  found  in  the 
"Well's  Creek  basin,  and  iii  the  bed  of  the  Tennesse  River  in  its 
western  valley.  Locally,  these  formations  run  into  Hydraulic 
limestone,  and  in  East  Tennessee  the  Trenton  contains  many  in- 
terpolated b(Mls  of  beautiful  marl)l('. 

Clinch  Mountain  Sandstone,  is'  found  principally  in  the 
Southern  faces  of  Clinch.  Powell's  and  Lone  ^Mountains,  in  the 
counties  of  (Jrainger,  Hawkins  and  Hancock.  The  soil  which  it 
yields  is  poor. 

"White  Oak  Mountain  sandstone  is  found  on  White  Oak,  Lone 


14  iiANK-iiooK  (.»K  tknm;h^i:i;. 

auil  Powfll's  .MoiiiilMiiis.     The  ?i)i!  i.<  (if  liltlo  Viiluc,  but  v:i]ii:il)]r;- 
Ih'cIs  ofinm  uix-  arc  limii'l  coiiiicctol  with  this  fbrnintiuii. 

])tfe>itone  (Jroup.  Tlii.s  lorinatioii  contaitis  nltcriiiitliij^  hiy- 
ors  of  shnlo,  (^nudsitoju!  mid  I'ossiliibrous  iron  oic.  It  is  foini'l 
in  imrrow  rid^c.-'  niiiuiiiir  j)urall(;l  willi  and  inai-  the;  ha.-c  of  ljll^ 
CuinbcrliUid  Mountains,  fxtciidiiiij,-  Avith  oidy  sliglit  iiit(.'rru])tioii"^ 
ucrot-s  tht;  State.  The  soil,  f  houLfh  cove  riiip-  1)iil  n  liiiiite<l  area, 
itf  fertile. 

Niagara  tSundstonc.  The  outcroiJ.s  of  tlii.s  f(jrniation  occur 
principally  in  the  western  valley  of  the  Tennessee  lliver,  and 
some  of  the  trihutai-y  valleys  of  that  streaiti.  'ilie  MenLseu.s 
limestone,  Avhii-h  is  the  lowest  nieniber  of  this  foiiuation,  at  .some 
jioints  in  this  section,  yields  a  fair  inaible.  The  disiiite<;i'ation  ot' 
this  rock  yields  an  excellent  soil. 

The  Lower  Ileiderberg  occurs  in  the  same  regi<jn  a.s  the.  pre- 
ceding,   and  tliouLdi  its  area  it?  small,  furnishes  an  excellent  soil. 

Black  Shale.  This  formation  outcrojis  at  various  points  in 
Middle  and  East  Tennessee.  Thoagh  a  ■«  ide-spj'cad  formation, 
being  generally  covered  by  other  formations,  it  forms  the  basi.s  of 
the  soil  in  only  a  few  unimj»oi-tant  valleys  in  iOast  Tennessee, 
The  soil  is  not  good. 

Barren  Group.  This  group  is  found  iji  linear  outcro]s  in  the 
valley  oi'  East  Tennessee,  where,  liowever,  it  does  not  pos.sess 
niueli  importance.  It  occurs  again  in  the  rim  of  higlilands  sur- 
rounding the  central  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee,  confined. mainly 
to  the  inner  circumference  of  the-  rim.  It  is  ci)mi)o.-ied  of  heavy 
chertz  layers,  with  moi'e  or  less  liniestoiu\  which  sometimes  a.s- 
sumes  a  shaly  character.  The  snii  is  leechy,  tliough  produces, 
luxuriant  growth  of  coarse  grass. 

Coral  or  iSt.  Louis  Jjimcutone.  Tliis  fonuation  covers  by  far 
the  larger  part  of  the  Highland  Kim.  It  is  a  grayish  or  blueish 
limestone  with  chertz  layers  and  fossiiliforous  corals.  It  contains 
oxide  of  iron  from  decom})osed  chert,  ^hich  gives  the  soil  a  redtlish 
color.  The  lime  which  it  contains  makes  it  a  truly  calcareous 
soil.  It  is  of  various  degrees  of  fertility,  some  of  it  being  equal 
to  the  best  in  the  IState.     It  contains  many  rich  beds  of  iron  ore.s. 

Mountain  lAmestone.  This  rock  has  its  principal  ex])osure  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Cumberland  plateau,  but  is  found  also 
on  the  eastern  face.  Its  geological  position  i.?  above  the  coral 
or  St.  Louis  limestone.  By  disintegration  it  yields  a  rich, 
strong  soil,  giving  fertility  to  many  of  the  slopes  and  coves  of 
the  plateau. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TlCXNIiSiSKE,  lo* 

The  Coal  Mea-mrf'^,  occupy  the  entire  area  of  tli(^  Cuml)erlanfl 
table-land.  This  formation  iy  made  up  of  altcruating  layerrJ  of 
conglomerates,  shales  and  sandstones,  with  interveniiipr  seams  of" 
coal.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  generally  of  good  quality,  and  the 
seams  of  varying  th.ickness.  The  general  character  of  soil  which 
these  rocks  supply  is  sandy  and  poor,  though  yielding  abundantly 
of  coarse  grass,  and  is  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  fruits. 

I  have  now  briefly  presented  the  leading  geological  features  of 
two  great  divisions  of  our  State,  East  and  Middle  Teune.ssee.  The 
Geological  formations  of  West  Tenne.ssee  are  entirely  different 
from  those  already  described,  being  of  a  later  date  and  found  in* 
less  solidified  condition.  The  older  formations,  already  described,, 
terminate  v.ith  more  or  less  abruptness  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  Tennessee  River,  the  line  of  demarcation  being  for  tlie  most 
part  a  short  distance  to  the  west  of  the  stream,  where  the  beveled 
edges  of  the  old  and  new  formations  meet.  The  great  jDlateau  or 
slope  of  West  Tennessee  is  supposed  to  have  been  at  some  former 
time,  the  bed  of  a  lake  or  inland  sea  of  unknown  depth,  which 
has  been  filled  up  and  elevated  by  the  operations  of  natural 
forces  in  past  ages.  At  what  time,  or  in  what  manner  the  dry 
land  was  made  to  take  the  place  of  this  "  old  time  sea,"  1  shall 
not  undertake  to  discuss,  ^[y  business  is  v.-ith  the  formations  aj* 
they  now  exist.  These  liave  been  referred  to  three;  ep<)chs  ov 
periods  of  time. 

The  first  of  these  formations  is  the  Coffee  Sand,  which  is  found 
immediately  t(.)  the  west  of  the  old  shore  line.  In  Hardin 
County,  it  reaches  the  Tennessee  River,  and  continues  its  cour.sc5 
in  a  narrow  belt  parallel,  and  near  to  it  more  than  half  way 
across  the  State,  where  it  disappears.  It  is  comjicsed  of  layei's- 
of  sand  and  clay.  The  sand  usually  contains  small  grains  of 
mica  and  fragments  of  wood  pailially  carboniz.ed.  The  soil  i:^  of 
medium  fertility. 

Green  tSand.  Tliis  fonnation  comes  next  in  order,  bordering 
the  coffee  sand  on  tlie  west,  and  overlapping  it  in  n)aBy  places. 
It  outcrops  over  an  area  a  few  miles  in  width,  ami  extends 
some  sixtv  miles  in  length,  from  the  Southern  line  of  the  State 
northwardly.  Beyond  the  area  of  its  outcrops  it  is  found  as  an 
underlying  strata  at  jnany  points  westward.  It  is  a  clayey  sand 
containing  grains  of  a  green  mineral  called  glauconite,.  to  which 
its  characteristic  color  is  owing.  So  far  as  I  know  no  satisfactory 
analysis  of  this  material  has  ever  been  made.  It  is  supposetf 
however,  to  possess  valuable  fertilizing  i)roperties  and  sliould  h^ 


16  iiAND-i'.rtoK  or  TKNNio.-vsr;i;. 

fairly  trstcd.  .At  various  puiuts  in  this  h-lt,  tlu-rc  arc  cxtcn.sive 
<k'posit.s  of  iiiariru'  slu'lls  in  a  l;-o(>(1  state  of  preservation.  The 
soil  is  fairly  itroduetive. 

The  ItipU'ij  (rroiij).  Tiiis  i'oi-iiiatinii  oiiti'roi)s  in  a  Ih'lt  of  from 
leu  to  fift<'0.n  miles  in  wiiltii,  extendiii^i;  entirely  acrosH  the  State 
from  the  Mississippi  line.  It  eontuins  at  many  f)laees  masses  of 
ien-iii;iiiiius  .-andstone  of  u'reater  or  le,ss  thickness.  Those  sand- 
stones are  eo!npose<l  of  siliceous  particles  liold  toji'ether  hv  hvdra. 
t(Hl  oxide  of  iron,  and  are  common  to  all  the  sandy  formations  of 
West  IV'unessee. 

or  the  fertiary  formations,  we  iiavc  first,  'The  Fkitivoods  Sands 
■and  (.'/tills.  This  name  wa.s  <riveu  hy  Prof  Hiljrard,  formerly 
State  (Teol<)ui>t  i'ov  M!s>issippi,  hut  our  own  eminent  (rcologist 
Dr.  Safiiird,  desiuiiates  il  as  the  I'oiier'^^  Creek-  Group.  It,  like 
tlu'  ])rece<liiiLr  formations,  is  ((imposed  of  alternating  layers  of 
.-ands  am!  chiys,  though  the  j)ro])ortions  of  laminated  elay.s  is 
)iiuc!i  hirg',  r.  heing  at  some  places  iVom  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet 
in  thicknes.-.  These  clays  ai'c  usua'ly  dai-k  when  wet,  but 
l^ec-ime  grayish  when  dry.  .\i  some  points  they  are  white  and 
;are  v.m'i]  !o  a  limited  extent  for  the  manufacturi'  of  ))otterv,  and 
are  thought  to  he  suited  for  tlie  :uan\itactu!'c  of  poi-celain.  The 
.sands  are  while,  i)utf,  yellow  (u-  variegated.  This  l)e!t,  like  the 
]n-ece!ling,  extends  entirely  across  th.e  State.  Dr.  Satford  gives  it 
i\-  width  of  not  more  than  eight  miles.  My  own  oh.servation, 
however,  leads  to  the  belief  that  the  area  has  a  greater  width  than 
is  given  by  Prof.  Satford.  The  soil  is  of  the  same  general  character 
as  the  formation-  already  described. 

IVie  LaGraiiffc  Sand.-^.  This  group  oceuj)ie>  (|uite  a  consid- 
•erable  portion  of  AVest  Tennessee,  being  in  width  aj)proximately 
given  at  forty  nule.s.  and  extending  from  Xorth  to  South,  quite 
across  {!>e  State.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  liy  tlie  Porter's 
C  reek  gro\ip,  and  on  the  v.est  by  the  J^luff  Loatn  or  Loess,  next 
to  be  described.  The  <astei'n  p(trtion  of  this  area  is  broken  into 
gentle  liilis  or  ridges,  while  the  western  part  is  more  level.  The 
soil  possesses  gi-eat  fertility.  As  an  agricultural  region,  it  i?  of 
jL^reat  value. 

}>li[f\  Loam  or  Loes.-i.  I'his  is  a  deposit  of  iine  silicious  loam 
crowning  the  njilands  of  the  western  tier  of  counties.  It  extends 
"^vestwardly  to  the  bluffs  which  border  the  Mississippi  River.  At 
some  points  it  is  brokcM  into  hills,  but  v.here  level  or  undulating, 
the  Soil  is  of  excellent  ijualitv  and  constitutes  kiue  of  the  fiuest 
farniin<i,- section^  In  the  State. 


riAND-r.OOK    OF    TENNESaEK.  17 

Alluvium.  This  is  the  last  formation  to  be  noticed.  It  is  not 
'Confined  to  any  one  section  of  the  State,  but  is  found  in  the  low- 
lands or  bottoms  along  the  course  of  nearly  all  our  rivers.  It 
occupies  the  entire  area  between  the  bluils  and  the  Mississippi 
River.  ^luch  of  it  is  subject  to  overflow.  The  soil  is  of  richest 
quality. 


Coal, 


The  superficial  area  in  the  State  of  Tennessee  covered  by  coal 
hearing  strata,  amounts  to  5,100  square  miles,  but  this  does  not 
fairly  represent  the  amount  of  coal  in  the  State,  as  all  this  area 
h'H&  at  least  one  seam  of  coal,  a  large  proportion  more  than  two, 
and  a  very  considerable  area  has  six  or  more  workable  seams.  It 
is  thus  seen  that  the  mere  area  of  a  coal  field,  may  be  a  very  poor 
indication  of  the  quantity  of  coal  it  contains,  and  without  an 
examination  into  the  thickness  of  the  seams,  and  the  quality  of 
the  coal  therein,  any  judgment  formed  from  area  alone  may  be 
very  incorrect.  Missouri  contains  vastly  more  coal  area  than 
Tennessee,  yet  one  seam  in  Tennessee  is  Avorth  more  for  economic 
purj)Ofes  than  all  the  coal  of  Misscniri. 

In  Pennsylvania  there  is  a  formation  under  the  regular  coal 
series  known  as  the  False  Coal  Measures,  having  only  thin  bands- 
of  coal ;  in  Tennessee,  these  measures  contain  several  workable 
seams  of  coal  of  excellent  quality.  The  Lower  and  Upper 
Measures  of  Pennsylvania  also  aj^pearin  this  State,  but  the  great 
mass  of  rocks  of  the  barren  measures  appear  in  much  reduced 
thickness.  It  is  thus  seen  that  while  Tennessee  has  all  the 
bituminous  coals  of  Pennsylvania,  this  State  has  also  a  coal- 
bearing  strata  which  in  that  is  bare  of  any  productive  seams. 
While  the  area  covered  by  our  coal  field  is  not  so  large,  yet  it  is 
probable  that  A\e  have  as  much  or  more  of  this  mineral  fuel — 
the  anthracite  field  excepted — than  the  great  iron  State. 

The  Tennessee  coal  field  belongs  to  that  division  known  in 
geology  as  the  Appalachian  Coal  field,  which,  commencing  in 
Pennsylvania,  extends  over  Ohio,  Kentucky,  West  Virginia, 
Tennessee,  and  ends  in  Alabama.  AN^hile  its  width  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Ohio  extends  through  nearly  four  degrees  of  longitude 
at  the  northern  boundary  of  Tennessee,  it  is  only  about  seventy- 
one  miles,  and  at  its  southern  boundary  fifty  miles.  In  its 
southern  course  into  Alabama  it  expands  into  a  heart-shaped 
area  one  Jumdred  miles  or  more  in  width.  The  area  of  this  coal- 
field in  Tennessee  includes  within  its  limits  the  counties  of  Scotj, 


HAND-BOOK   OF   TENNESSEE.  19 

Morgan,  Cumberland,  the  greater  parts  of  Fentress,  Van  Buren 
Bledsoe,  Grundy,  Sequatchie  and  jNIarion,  considerable  parts  of 
■Claiborne,  Campbell,  Anderson,  Rhea,  Roane,  Overton, 
Hamilton,  Putnam,  White  and  Fi-anklin,  and  small  portions  of 
Warren  and  Coffee. 

The  Cumberland  Table-land  has  generally  a  broad  flat  top, 
capped  with  a  layer  of  conglomerate  sandstone,  averaging  pei'haps 
seventy  feet  iu  thickness.  This  layer  of  sandstone  on  the 
western  edges  of  the  table-land  forms  a  steep  escarpment  or 
brow,  bold,  distinct,  and  well  marked  from  twenty  to  one  hun- 
dred, and  sometimes  two  hundred  feet  high.  Beneath  tliis  often 
overhanging  brow,  the  steep,  woody  slopes  of  the  sides  begin  and 
run  down  to  the  low  lands.  These  slopes  below  the  cliffs  usually 
rest  against  the  lower  Coal  Measures  and  upon  the  Mountain 
Limestone.  The  eastern  outline  of  the  Cumberland  Table-land 
is,  for  some  distance,  a  nearly  direct  line,  making,  however, 
a  curve,  and  taking  in  portions  of  Roane,  Anderson  and 
Campbell  counties.  The  western  edge  is  jagged,  notched  by 
innumerable  coves  and  valleys,  and  presenting  a  scalloped  or 
ragged  contour,  with  outlying  knobs  separated  from  the  main 
Table-land  by  deep  ravines  or  fissures.  In  the  southern  portion, 
near  the  eastern  side,  is  a  deep  gorge,  canoe-shaj^ed,  with  steep 
escarpments  rising  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand  feet  above  the 
valley,  through  which  the  Sequatchie  river  flows.  This  Ls  the 
Sequatchie  valley  which  separates  the  lower  end  of  the  Table- 
land iMo  two  distinct  arms.  Through  the  eastern  arm  the  Ten- 
nessee River  breaks,  and  after  flowing  down  the  valley  for  a  dis- 
tance of  sixty  miles,  turns  at  Guntersville,  Alabama,  and  soon 
afterwards  cuts  through  the  western  arm  fifty  miles  from  the 
Tennessee  line.  This  Sequatchie  Troug]i  is  one  hundred  and 
sixty  miles  in  length,  the  Tennessee  end  being  sixty  miles,  and 
the  Alabama  end  one  hundred. 

The  eastern  arm  of  the  coalfield,  on  the  western  side  of 
which  this  remarkable  valley  passes,  is  six  to  eight  miles  wide. 
Between  the  Tennessee  River  and  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga 
Railroad,  it  is  called  Raccoon  mountain.  Separated  from  this  by 
Wills'  valley,  rises  up  in  massive  proportions.  Lookout  Mountain. 
The  latter  is  an  outlier  of  the  Cumberland  Table-land,  and 
geologically  is  closely  allied  to  it. 

Passing  now  to  the  northeast  corner  of  the  coal  region,  we  find 
a  qmidrilateral  block  almost  severed  from  the  mountain  mass  by 
the  valleys  of  Elk  Fork  and  Cove  Creek,  the  former  running 


20  fiAND-nOOK    Ol'    TF,NNKS8E35. 

n'trtlioa.-it   iiml  i'.;ii)-)t yinjx  jnto  tlm  Cuniberlaiul   Rivo-,  llio  latter 
rinming  southoacst  into  tho  f -liuoli  llivor. 

Tlu>  aYorap:o  !u  ight  of  tli(^  Cuml)orIaii(i  Tal)le-]nn(l  i.s  two 
thousand  foot  above,  tidt'-Avatcr,  but  some  of  tlie  ridges  of  the 
m^rtlu^istem  parr  rise  to  a  Jiiueli  greater  heitrbt,  reaohiiic,-  at 
plaeov^,  a8  at  Cross  Mountain.  3,370  feet,  and  at  P>utt  Mountain, 
near  Coal  Creek,  ;),oOO.  The  valley  of  Cove  Creek  is  2,300  feet 
lower  than  the  high  points  of  Cros?  Mountain.  The  part  of  the 
valley  of  East  Tennc>s,-ee  innuediatcly  contiguous  to  the  moun- 
tain is  nlxnit  1,000  feet  above  the  sea,  so  that,  viewe<l  from  that 
valley,  the  Cuuibcrlaud  Tahle-land  stands  out  with  .singular 
bolduess  and  s!harpne?s  of  outline.  Everywhere  in  the  norihern 
part  it  is  marked  by  a  succession  of  cliff?,  elevated  one  above 
tlK^  other,  with  intervening  wooded  slopes.  On  the  eastern  side, 
])aralle]  with  tho  main  mountain  mass,  and  separated  from  it  by 
a  narroM-  vale,  is  a  steep,  roof-Iikc  sandstone  ridge,  with  the 
layers  upturned  on  their  edges,  tlie  only  access  b(;ing  through 
a  few  gaps  like  that  of  Coal  Creek.  This  ridge  is  known  as 
Waldcn's  Ilidge.  FolloAving  this  ridge  southAvard,  the  name  'la 
applied  to  the  whole  arm  betMeen  Bee,uatehie  Vr.lley  and  the 
valley  < if  East  Tennessee. 

We  have  said  that  this  coal  region  is  sheeted  with  a  thick 
conglomerate  sandstone,  but  upon  this  sheet,  a  .short  distance 
from  tlie  edges  of  the  precipiee,«,  other  strata  are  superimposed, 
rising  in  some  places,  one  thousand  feet  and  more  above  the 
conglomerate  or  general  surface,  and  forming,  as  it  were,  moun- 
tains uj)on  the  tup  of  the  table-lan<l.  In  the  northern  jiart  of 
the  (^oal  region,  its  j)lateau  chtiracter  is  ilestroyed  by  these  super- 
in(-uin]>ent  mountains. 

While  there  should  be  a  division  of  the  Tennes.see  Coalfield 
into  Lower,  !\[iddle,  and  Upper  measures,  from  the  fact  that  the 
False  measures  contain  w<-irkal:)le  co:'.],  and  that  the  true  Upper 
measures  onlv  apjuar  nortli  of  ICuutv  rivi'r,  yet  the  line  of 
demarcation  between  the  two  last  has  not  been  .so  well  defined, 
and  the  usual  classification  has  been  into  Upper  and  Lower 
measures,  the  division  being  the  tliick  conglomerate  which  gives 
tlie  clift-like  a|)i)earance  to  the  mountain  on  its  Avestern  side. 
The  second  conglomerate  or  sandstone  which  caps  the  plateau 
throughout  its  length,  is  over  what  should  he  called  the  Middle 
measures,  really  the  Lower  measures  of  Pennsylvania.  A 
sectiou  made  near  Ti-acy  City  by  Dr.  Satlord,  will  give  an  idea 
<>f  the  different  stnitu  and  their  relative  positions  at  that  place. 


HAND-BOOK    Ol"   TKXNirSSEE.  21 

Beginning  at  the  top  and  descending,  as  t!iui:gli  in  u  well  (jr 
shaft,  we  have  this  Sewanec  section. 

13.  Conglomerate ;  cap  rock  of  the  upp<^r  plateau  and  the  upper- 
most stratum  in  the  region i'>0  feet. 

12.  Coal,  a  few  iuclies  (G) 

11.  Shale 23  feet. 

10.  Coal,  outcrop  (F) ?  foot. 

9.  Dark  Clayey  Shale 1  foot. 

8.  Sandy  Shale 25  feet. 

7.  Sandstone 86  feet. 

6.  Shale,  more  or  less  sandy ■i~>  feet. 

6.  Coal,  Main  Sewanee,  from  (E) 3  to7ft. 

4.  Shale,  some  of  it  sandy 45  feet. 

3.  Coal,  outcrop  (D) .^ 1  foot. 

2.  Shale '. 3  feet. 

1.  Sandstone 17  feet. 

Total 200  feet. 

We  here  reach  the  bottom  of  the  Upper  coal  measures,  and 
come  to^the  thick  conglomerate  that  caps  the  whole  coal  region. 
Descending,  we  pass  successively  through 

Conglomerate 70  feet 

10.   Coal,  outcrop  from  (C) ^tolft. 

9.  Shale,  with  clay  at  top 10  feet. 

8.  Sandstone,  Cliff  Kock  (Lower  Couglomerat«  of  .Etna  Mines)  Go  feet. 

7.  Coal,  outcrop  from  (B) itoUft.. 

6.  Shale,  with  a  few  inches  of  adultei-ated  clay  at  top. ., 8  feet. 

5.  Sandy  Shale 22  feet. 

i.  Sandstone,  hard 78  feet. 

3.  Coal,  has  occasional  shale  above  and  below  it ;  the  coal  from  (A)  1  to  3  ft. 

2.  Hard  Sandstone,  local 20  feet. 

1.  Shale,  including  a  thin  sandstone 20  feet. 

Total 228  feet. 

Including  the  Upper  and  Lov.xt  coal  measures,  there  are 
seven  strata  of  coal,  aggregating  a  thicknet's  of  from  seven  to 
fourteen  and  a  half  feet.  Mciuy  of  these  beds,  however,  are  too 
thin  to  work,  and  are  given  merely  to  shoAv  the  extent  of  the 
coal  measures. 

The  Lower  measures,  though  irregular  and  uncertain,  supply 
a  large  amount  of  coal  in  White,  Putnam,  Overton,  Frentress, 
Franklin,  and  Marion  counties.  The  seams  in  these  counties 
are  of  good  thickness  and  aflbrd  coal  of  excellent  quality. 

The  main  seam  of  the  Upper  measures  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Table-laud  is  the  Sewanee.     This  seam  will  average  four  and 


22  !iANi)-i;<>()K  or  tennesske. 

a  hiilf  feel   in   thicknesr;,  h^  largest  development  l)eiiig  ten  feet 
four  inches,  and  its  least  two  feet. 

The  Sewanee  seam  furnishes  a  larger  amount  of  coal  than  any 
other  single  seam  in  Tennessee,  and  has  all  the  qualities  that 
combine  to  make  a  useful  and  valuable  coal.  It  varies  in  some 
of  its  characteristics  and  constituents  indifferent  localities,  but 
that  is  a  common  freak  of  all  coal  seams  in  every  coal-lield.  It 
makes  a  good  coke,  is  a  good  steam-making  coal,  makes  a  hot, 
durable  fire  in  the  grate,  and  is  nearly  free  from  sulphur.  It  is 
found  at  a  certain  elevation  all  over  the  Table-land,  but  in  the 
horizontal  strata  of  the  Coal  creek  and  "Winter's  Gap  section  of 
the  iield  it  has  ])robably  sunk  far  beneath  the  surface.  It  is  the 
main  seam  of  Walden's  ridge,  and  continues  with  much  persist- 
ency from  Chattanooga  to  Coal  creek.  Where  the  ridge  is 
regular  in  surface,  and  tlu;  strata  in  place,  the  seam  is  of  regular 
thickness  and  easiiy  worked  with  a  certainty  of  obtaining  a 
constant  supply,  but  where  the  strata  are  broken  l)y  ravines  or 
gorges,  it  is  also  disturbed,  sometimes  lost  entirely,  and  again 
rising  into  great  thickness. 

Walden's  ridge  is  an  outlier  of  the  Cumberland  Table-land* 
for  the  greater  part  of  its  length  a  vast  wall  of  upturned  rocks, 
ranging  from  six  hundred  to  twelve  hundred  feet  high.  This 
singular  formation  is  best  seen  north  of  Big  Emery  Gap.  A  base 
line  drawn  horizontally  through  the  ridge  would  probably  give 
a  width  of  twelve  hundred  feet.  The-  line  of  demarcation 
between  the  inclined  strata  of  Walden's  ridge  and  the  hori- 
zontal layers  of  the  Cuniberland  mountains  is  sharp  and  v»"ell 
defined.  Within  a  feAv  feet  one  steps  trom  the  almost  vertical 
sandstones  of  Walden's  ridge  to  those  of  the  Cumberland  Table- 
land lying  horizontal.  Behind  he  sees  the  steep  inclined  crags 
of  Emery  Gap,  and  in  front  the  shales,  slates,  and  sandstones 
lying  one  on  the  other.  This  ridge  is  most  continuous  and  con- 
spicuous in  its  tilted  strata  from  Big  Emery  (in})  to  near  Carey- 
ville,  but  those  peculiar  characteristics  are  gradually  lessened  to 
the  southwest  from  Emery  Gi\\\  until  near  Chattanooga  the  dip 
of  the  strata  is  very  slight,  and  its  top  instead  of  being  a*  narrow 
ridge,  flattens  out  into  a  plateau  six  to  eight  inilcs  wide.  The 
greatest  action  of  the  downthrow,  therefore,  took  place  between 
Emery  Gap  and  Careyville,  and  to  its  action,  says  Prof.  Lesley, 
is  due  the  preservation  of  the  numerous  beds  of  coal  in  the  high 
mountains  on  Poplar  creek,  at  Winter's  Gap,  and  on  T'oal  creek. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  the  inclined  seaujs  of  Walden's 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TEXNSSSEE.  23 

ritlge  pass  dovrn  under  the  surface  strata  of  the  CumheHand 
mountains,  and  become  as  nearly  horizontal  as  the  coals  of  that 
formation.  No  accurate  demonstration  of  this  has  ever  been 
made  but  the  record  of  the  borings  of  the  salt  well  at  Winter's 
•Gap,  though  not  strictly  accurate,  gives  an  idea  upon  which  may 
be  based  some  foundation  for  the  truth  of  this  theory.  The  salt 
well  was  originally  bored  by  Prof.  Estabrook  but  allowed  to  fill 
up.     Lately  another  was  bored  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Reed,  of  Ohio. 

On  the  western  side  of  the  coal  field  the  general  dij)  of  the 
strata  is  slightly  to  the  northeast.  The  elevation  of  the  sub- 
carboniferous  limestone  on  the  mountain  side  near  Tracy  City  is 
about  sixteen  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  On  a  direct  east  line, 
near  the  foot  of  Walden's  ridge,  the  same  rock  is  only  about  nine 
hundred  feet  above  the  sea ;  on  the  line  of  the  Tennessee  and 
Pacific  road,  in  Putnam  county,  the  limestone  is  about  fourteen 
huiKlred  feet  above  the  sea,  while  in  a  direct  east  line,  near 
Winter's  Gap,  in  the  valley,  it  is  only  eight  hundred  feet  above 
sea  level.  The  level  of  the  valley  at  Cowan  is  nine  hundred 
and  seventy-three  feet  above  sea  level,  and  the  level  of  the  ScAvanee 
seam  at  Tracy  City  is  nine  hundred  and  forty-nine  feet  higher. 
This  seam  dips  to  the  southeast  about  eight  feet  to  the  mile; 
hence  from  its  location  in  Fentress,  in  the  fifty  miles  distance  to 
Winter's  Gap,  it  would  be  deep  down  under  the  horizontal  strata 
of  the  high  mountains,  though  coming  up  again  above  the  valley 
in  Walden's  ridge.  * 

Towering  high  above  the  valley,  in  Anderson,  Morgan  and 
Campbell  counties  is  the  series  of  mountains  heretofore  men- 
tioned. They  reach  an  altitude  of  over  three  thousand  five 
hundred  feet  above  sea  level,  and  contain  coal  seams  to  their 
very  summits.  Here  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Upper  Measures  of 
Pennsylvania.  And  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  tlie  carboniferous 
strata  in  this  region,  estimating  by  the  data  derived  from  the 
boring  of  the  salt  well  at  Winter's  Gap,  attain  a  thickness  of 
full  four  thousand  feet  in  a  direct  vertical  line  from  the«top  of 
the  American  Knob  or  Brushy  Mountain  to  the  lowest  sub- con- 
glomerate coal.  At  Carsyvillo  Prof  Safford  determined  the 
elevation  of  Cross  ^Mountain,  with  nine  seams  of  coal,  to  be 
three  thousand  three  hundred  and  seventy  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
two  thousand  three  hundred  and  twenty-nine  feet  above  the  val- 
ley. This  is  at  the  northeastern  end  of  the  Upper  jMeasures,  as 
the  still  higher  Brushy  Mountain  is  near  the  southv.estern  end. 
In  this  distance  of  about  forty  miles,  is  the  series  of  high  ranges 


24  HAND-I!()f)K    OF    TKNNESKKK. 

and  peaks  nlliulctl  lo  abfivo.  Honcc  wo,  have  in  tliin  tli^triet  aiv 
urea  of  jibout  two  thousaml  Hfjuaro  miles,  tlu*  greater  portion 
of  which  contains,  above  water  level,  from  four  to  ftev(!ii  scams 
of  coal  over  three  feet  thick  ;  thus  showin;^',  in  this  part  of  the 
Tennessee  coal  field  alone  au  extent  of  thickness  and  a  number  of 
seams,  available  in  the  future,  beyond  the  jtr(!vious  calculations 
of  geologists. 

The  largest  mining  operation  on  the  Tennot^sce  coal  field  is 
that  of  the  Tenues-see  Coal,  Iron,  and  Railroad  Company  at  Tracy 
City.  The  seam  of  coal  wctrked  there  is  known  as  the  Sewanee 
seam,  and  is  so  marked  in  the  section  previously  given.  The 
qualities  of  this  coal  have-  also  been  spoken  of  in  the  preceding 
pages.  They  work  four  different  mines,  and  besides  selling  coal, 
ha;ve  six  hundred  ovens  for  making  coke.  Tlie  company  owns  a 
railroad  twenty-three  mile.s  long,  which  connects  th<.-ir  mines 
with  the  main  line  of  the  Naah villi',  (Jhattanooga,  and  St.  Louis 
roa<l  at  (x)wan ;  and  they  also  own  tliree  iron  furnaces,  one  at 
Cowan  and  two  at  South  Pittsburgh.  They  also  have  other 
coal  mines  and  coke  ovens  at  Vict<iria  in  Sequatchie  valley. 
The  coke  from  the  latter  aluKjst  entirely  go<^s  to  South  Pittsburg 
furnaces.  This  company  has  a  capitjvl  of  §3, 000,000,  most  of 
which  is  held  in  New  York,  and  they  cra])loy  about  fifteen 
hundred  laborers. 

The  Coal  Creek  Alining  and  Manufacturing  Company  is  a 
corporation  owning  many  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Auderscm 
county,  on  which  it  has  given  leases  for  coal  mining,  but  the 
eompiiny  itself  does  not  mine  an}-  coal.  Coal  creek,  in  Ander- 
son county,  is  the  loc^ility  where  the  mining  is  o;rriod  on.  There 
are  now  five  companies  engaged  in  mining  there  under  leases. 
The  Coal  Creek  ^Mining  and  Manufacturing  Com])any,  and 
two  other  companies  nnne  lands  of  their  own.  The  joint 
product  shipped  from  this  locality  amounts  to  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fiily  thousand  tons  per  annum.  Th«?  coal  here  mined 
is  entirely  used  for  domestic  anti  steam  purposes,  and  for  making 
gas.'  It  finds  an  outlet  to  market  over  the  Knoxville  and  Ohio 
railroad  to  Knoxville,  and  thence  south  and  east  by  the  East 
Tennessee,  Virginia,  and  (jieorgia  Railroad.  The  largest  mining 
operation  is  carried  on  by  the  Knoxville  Iron  Company.  They 
cmplo}"  Jibout  one  hundred  and  fifty  miners  and  other  laborers, 
and  ship  about  one  hundred  thousand  tons  of  coal  per  annum. 
The  company  also  owm-  a  large  rolling-mill  and  foundry  in. 
Knoxville. 


The  Roane  Iron  C'ompimy  ut  Rockwood,  on  the  Cincinnati 
Southern  railroad,  uiinos  coal  for  nse  in  their  iron  furnaces,  but 
does  not  furnish  any  for  blupmcnt.  They  mine  about  sixty 
thousand  tons  per  annuui. 

The  Soddy  Company's  iiiiues  at  Rathburn  station,  on  the  same 
railroad,  are  the  next  largest  mines  in  o})eration.  They  mine 
both  for  shipment  in  the  raw  state  and  made  into  coke.  Their 
product  amounts  to  fifty  thousand  tons. 

The  Oakdale  Iron  Company  mines  from  the  Poplar  Creek  Coal 
field  at  "Winter's  Gap,  a  large  quantity  of  coal  which  is  made  into 
coke  for  their  farnace.  Their  present  output-  reaches  over  one 
hundred  and  twenty  tons  per  day,  and  preparations  are  being, 
made  to  increase  it  so  as  to  ship  coal  next  winter.  Their  coal 
is  of  the  very  best  quality.  They  own  a  uarrow-guagc  railroad 
sixteen  miles  long,  which  connects  with  tlie  Cincinnati  Southern 
at  Oakdale  junction. 

The  Etna  Mining  Company  owns  mines  on  the  Na.shville,  Chat- 
tanooga, and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  about  fourteen  miles  from 
Chattanooga.  Their  coal  is  of  very  superior  quality  for  black- 
smith's purposes,  as  is  also  the  coke  made  from  it  for  use  in- 
foundries.  They  mine  about  twenty-five  thousand  tons  per 
annum,  of  v.'hich  fully  one-haif  is  made  into  coke. 

The  other  miuiug  operations  of  the  State  are  :  — ■ 

The  Campbell  County  Coal  Company,  Careyvillo,  Knoxville 
and  Ohio  railroad. 

The  Crooke  Coal  Company,  Glen  Mary,  on  the  Cincinnati 
Southern  Railroad.  This  is  a  concern  of  considerable  magnitude, 
and  has  capacity  to  ship  six  hundred  tons  per  day. 

The  Helenwood  Coal  Company,  ITeienwood,  on  the  same  rail- 
road, is  owned  by  the  same  company.  They  have  well  opened 
mines. 

The  AYalden's  Ridge  Coal  Compauy  operates  on  the  mountain-. 
near  Spring  City.  They  have  a  narrow-guage  road  nearly 
finished. 

The  Dayton  Coal  Company  is  an  English  concern  which  has 
for  many  years  owned  lands  near  Dayton,  in  Rhea  county,  and 
nov.'  propose  active  operations. 

These  companies  are  more  fully  noticed  by  a  letter  in  the 
appendix. 

The  Daisy  Coal  Company,  IMelviile ;  Parkes  &  Co. 

The  Chattanooga  Coal  Company,  Chattanooga.  This  ia  a  new- 
company  vv-ho  have  commenced  operations  on  a  very  large  scale,. 


26  nANi)-i!<)r)K  OK  tkn'ni>.-i:k, 

on  the  [n\i  (if  "W'lil'lcii".-  Uiil;r<',  mar  Cliattnnooga,  TliCy  liave  a 
iiaiT(i\v-,!4iia;,'c  road  seven  Tuile-i  long,  and  liave  nuide  every  prc- 
})arati(»n  J'or  a  larire  output,  lion.  E.  A.  James  i.-  prcv-ident  of 
the  company. 

A  new  com[)any  is  about  oix'i-alin;,'  at  Nortli  Cliie'aiiiaui;a. 

Near  the  University  of  tlie  fSoutli,  several  .«mall  mine.s  are 
worked,  ehiefly  by  the  Univerriity  Coal  Company. 

In  White  county  two  or  three  mines  are  worked  for  local 
])urj)oses  by  Jolm  Barnes  tt  Sons.  The  comi)letiou  of  the 
McMinnville  liraneh  of  the  Nashville,  Cincinnati  and  ^t.  Louis 
Railroad  will  lmvc  them  opjiortunity  for  shipment. 

The  total  coal  product  of  the  »:5tate  of  Tennessee,  for  the  year 
1881,  is  not  far  from  six  hundred  thousand  tons. 

The  prices  of  coal  for  the  raonth  of  January,  1882,  were  — 

In  KnoxvlUe :  Domestic  coal,  at  yards  in  the  city,  §3.75  per 
ton  of  2,000  pounds;  delivered,  25  cents  more,  i^team  coal,  on 
cara  in  the  city,  $2.20  per  ton. 

In  Morristown  :     Domestic  coal,  §4.70 ;  steam  coal,  S3.50. 

Ill  Jonexhoro:     Domestic  coal,  S5.00. 

In  Athens,  $14.80. 

In  Cleveland,  84,25. 

Low  rates  of  freight  are  made  by  the  East  Tenn.,  Xa.  &  Ga. 
Ivailroad  for  steam  coal. 

In  Chattanooga:  Coal  Creek  coal,  domestic  ;  §3.50  per  ton. 
Soddy  coal,  domestic,  S3. 25  per  ton.  Soddy  coal,  for  steam, 
§3.00.  Hewanoe  and  Dade  coke,  82.50  to  63.00  per  ton.  Extra 
Foundry  coke,  12^  cents  },>er  bushel. 

In  NashviUc :  Domestic,  lump,  83.80  per  ton  delivered ; 
small  for  cooking-,  §3.20  ;  steam  coal  ou  cars,  run  of  mines,  62.70  ; 
slack,  81.80;  lump,  §3.00  per  ton  of  2,000  pound.s.  Anthracite, 
§10.00  to  812.00  per  ton. 

Freight  on  the  railroads  three-fourths  to  one  cent  per  ton  per 
mile  for  over  25  miles. 


Iron  Ores, 


The  State  of  Tennessee  contains  every  variety  of  iron  ore 
known  to  commercial  use,  except  the  Spathic  Carbonate.  The 
area  of  the  Magnetic  ores,  and  of  the  azoic  Hematites  is  not  large, 
yet  in  the  limited  area  where  found,  the  magnetic  ore  exists  in 
large  quantity.  The  mass  of  unaltered  deposit  ores,  however,  is 
beyond  the  possibility  of  any  accurate  computation,  and  the  area 
in  which  they  are  contained  comprises  nearl 3*  three-fourths  of  the 
State. 

Geographically,  these  ores  may  be  classed  as  the  East  Ten- 
nessee Iron  Region,  the  Cuml^erland  Mountain  Iron  Region,  and 
the  Middle  Tennessee  Iron  Region.  Geologically,  they  belong  to 
the  Metamorphic,  the  Lower  and  Upper  Silurean,  the  Sub- 
Carboniferous,  and  the  CarJ)oniterous  periods.  Physically,  they 
are  vein,  stratified  and  deposit  ores,  and  in  practical  nomen- 
clatius  of  ores ;  they  are  magnetic,  specular,  red  liematite,  or  really 
hematite,  limonite,  frequently  called  brown  hematite,  red  fossil 
or  lenticular  red  hematite,  and  carbonate  of  iron.  Of  these  ores, 
those  now  used  in  the  State  are  only  the  limonites  and  red  fossil. 
The  magnetics  have  been  mined,  and  some  j^ears  ago  used  in  a 
small  v>'ay  in  forges,  but  none  have  yet  been  used  in  blast 
furnaces  or  shipped  to  any  market,  and  the  azoic  hematites  are 
known  only  by  small  openings  and  specimens  of  more  or  less  size. 
The  limonites  are  found  over  the  largest  territory  and  have 
been  most  generally  used  of  the  two  chief  ores  of  iron.  They  are 
found  in  nearly  every  county  of  the  State  in  greater  or  less 
quantities,  from  the  North  Carolina  line  to  the  sand  belt  which 
borders  on  the  Mississippi  River.  In  some  counties  tlie  quantity 
is  enormoiLS,  in  others  only  scattered  specimens,  and  flae  quality 
is  equally  varial^le ;  some  beds  are  almost  chemically  free  from 
phosphorus  or  sulphur,  while  in  others  those  injurious  elements 
are  found  to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 

In  East  Tennessee,  this  ore  lies  in  a  series  of  ridges  running 
northeast  and  southwest ;  its  greatest  developments  ])cing  on  the 
east  side  on  the  vrestern  slopes  'of  the  Chilhowee  and  Uuaka 


28  IIAND-nOOK    OF    TK.VNllSHKK. 

Mountains  and  thoir  tril)iitary  ri(l;j:erf.  Throughout  the  entire 
breadth  <>f  the  State,  in  the  counties  of  Johnson,  Carter,  Unicoi, 
VVa.«hin;/tou,  Greene,  Cooke,  Sevier,  Pdount,  Monri>e  and  Polk  ; 
they  may  truly  be  said  to  be  one  continuous  bed  of  linxinite,  at 
sooie  poiuts  in  inuuense  inai=.se.s  like  stratified  or  bdidder  roeks, 
and  at  others  intermintrlol  with  the  »i>\\,  but  yielding  large 
quantities  of  ore  when  subjected  to  the  process  of  washing.  The 
ores  of  thiis  lead  are  all  in  the  lower  s'ilurean,  and  usually  lie  in  slate* 
or  between  the  Chilowee  sandstones,  and  the  dolomites  of  the  Knox 
or  Quebec  periods,  frequently  intermingled  or  deposited  between 
masses  of  the  latter.  In  thi.>i  position,  it  is  found  in  a  matrix  of 
red  or  yellow  clay,  from  the  size  of  coarse  sand  to  large  boulders. 
These  ai*e  the  ores  from  which  a  large  part  of  the  iron  of  the 
United  States  was  made  in  times  pa«t,  and  many  beds  are  now 
worked  in  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  i\Tas.sachusetts,  from 
"which  ore  was  taken  a  hundred  years  ago.  The  unsystematic 
and  robbery-like  chariu;ter  of  obtaining  the  ore  irom  many  of 
the  banks  in  Tennessee  hi\s  greatly  impaired  their  value,  and  in 
some  cases  apparently  exhausted  the  supply  of  ore. 

The  limonite  of  this  le^id  varies  very-  greatly  in  quality,  some 
being  \evy  free  from  any  impunity,  almost  jiure  hydrated  oxide 
of  iron,  but  the  greater  part  containii  silica,  alumina,  phosphorus 
and  sulphur  in  greater  or  less  proportions,  none  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  make  it  wo:fthless.  In  some  be<is  manganese  prevails 
in  such  proportion  as  to  make  the  manufacture  of  speigcleisen  or 
ferro-manganese  a  possible  source  of  profit.  These  deposita 
become  more  vast  in  size  toward  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
State,  and  the  deposits  on  Tellico  River  and  I^ee's  Creek,  between 
the  Little  Tennessee  and  Hiwassee  Kivei-s,  challenge  th.e  admira- 
tion of  the  geologist  and  practical  iron  manufacturer. 

At  intervals  in  every  ridge  of  the  Knox  dolomite  formation 
beds  of  limonite  are  found,  some  of  them  appear  to  be  of  consid- 
erable extent,  though  but  few  of  them  have  been  opened.  When 
opened,  the  quality  of  tlie  r.-re  has  proven  to  be  good.  On  the 
summit  of  the  Waldeu's  Ridge,  at  various  points  from  Emory 
Gap  t«  Carejville,  beds  of  limonite  are  found,  which  are  no 
doubt  the  result  of  local  cliange  of  the  (Carbonate  oi"  iron  of  the 
coal  formation. 

The  largest  body-of  limonltes  in  the  State  is  found  in  Middle 
Tennessee,  in  what  has  been  usually  called  the  Western  Iron 
Belt  This  vast  deposit  covers  irregularly  an  area  forty  miles 
vride  and  extending  entirely- across  the  State  fi-om  north  to  south. 


HANIvr.OOK    OF    TEN:N^Ei3SEK.  29 

It  comprises  the  entire  area  of  the  counties  of  ^N'ayne,  La.v.'rence> 
Levris,  Perry,  Hickman,  Humphreys,  Dick?on,  Houston,  Mont- 
gomery, Stewart,  Benton,  Decatur,  and  j)art  of  Hardin. 

The  surface  gooh')gy  of  this  region  be]i:)ng,«  to  the  suij-carbon- 
iferous.  It  is  in  fact  the  counterpart  of  the  Cum  her  hind  phiteau 
of  the  ea.-?t  with  the  coal  measure  rocks  swept  away.  Tlie  gen- 
eral elevation  of  the  corresponding  strata  underlying  the  coal 
measure  rocks  is  but  a  few  feet  more  than  tliat  of  Lawrence  and 
Hickman  counties.  Almost  at  an  identicul  level  on  each  side  of 
the  Middle  Tennessee  basin  occur  the  same  characteristic  rocks. 
The  vast  body  of  coal  which  once  may  have  ext('uded  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Alabama  is  gone,  but  deposited  In  its  underlying  strata; 
from  the  slow  action  of  ages,  now  remain  immejisc  bodieis  of  iron 
ore,  in  (piaiitity  and  quality  hardly  surpassed  by  any  lik(;  area 
in  the  United  States.  1j)  the  injurious  eleuuints  of  phosphorus 
and  sulphur  these  ores  frequently  go  down  t.>;)  ratr;';  trace,  while 
they  never  rise  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  in  the  slightest  degree 
injurious  for  the  very  best  gi'ades   of  fouufiry  irons. 

The  hicatii)u  of  this  ore  has  been  stated  to  be  an  elevated 
plateau-hind,  yet  il  is  well  watered  with,  many  spring?,  and  is 
also  interseoted  with  streams  which  flow  west  from  the  Middle 
Tennessee  basin,  bein^-  cut  through  on  the  north  by  the  Cum- 
berland river,  while  the  M'cstern  edge  is  intersected  from  north 
t.o  south,  the  entire  middle  of  the.  State,  by  the  Tennessee  river. 
AH  these  strcauis  cut  down  rhrough  the  sub-carboniferous  strata 
into  the  lower  limestones,  thus  atlbrding  ample  facilitj"  for  ob- 
taining flux  in  the  nuiuufactur';^  of  iron.  The  two  great  rivers 
named  also  afford  cheap  trans-portation.  to  markets,  while  other 
means  of  transportation  and  access  to  tliis  region  is  aiforded  by 
the  Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville  and  ^'ashvilie  Railroad 
through  iloutgomei'v  and  Stewait  counties,  the  Nashville  and 
Korth western  through  Dickson.  Humphreys,  and  [Jenton,  a 
uarrew-gauge  st»uth  from  Dickson  station  into  Hickman  county, 
and  the  railroad  from  Columbia  ihrnugh  Lawrence  County  to 
Florence,  A hiba nia. 

This  ore  has  been  almost  entirely  u,si'(l  fir  the  manufaiiture  of 
iron  with  cluircoai,  and  there  are  now  six  furnaces  oiierating  in 
this  region.  All  use  charcoal  for  fuel ;  three  are  cold  blast  and 
three  are  hot  blast.  Notwithstanding  its  contiguity  to  roliaVde  and 
cheap  transportation,  but  little  of  this  ore  has  ever  been  shipped 
to  uuirket  in  other  States,  nor  to  any  coke  furnace  in  this  State. 
The  connoctiou  by  the  Duck  River  Valley  Ivoad  to  the  Nashville, 


00  IIAXD-r>OOK    OF   TEXNES8EE. 

Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  already  completed, 
gives  an  outlet  for  this  ore  directly  to  tlie  coal,  and  it  will 
then  undoubtedly  be  shipped  to  furnaces  on  the  line  of  that 
railroad  or  in  Chattanooga. 

Near  BroAvnsport,  in  the  County  of  Decatur,  occurs  a  bed  of 
linionite,  probably  extcndingover  a  very  considerable  area  which 
is  not  referable  to  any  of  the  formations  in  which  that  ore  has  else- 
where been  found  in  Tennessee.  The  ore  occurs  stratified  in  layers 
and  masses  just  beneath  the  black  shale  of  the  Hamilton  ]jeriod, 
Devonian  age,  and  rests  immediately  on  the  Helderbcrg  lime- 
stone. Immediately  above  the  black  shale  is  the  siliceous  group 
of  the  sub-carboniferous.  A  furnace  was  once  run  at  this  locality, 
and  the  stack  and  some  of  the  houses  are  still  in  good  order;  the 
machinery  is  excellent.  The  ore  at  that  point  is  in  large  quan- 
tity, and  it  appears  to  exist  in  the  same  geological  position  at 
about  the  same  elevation  over  a  considerable  section  of  the 
Eurrounding  country.  The  furnace,  though  thus  eligibly  located, 
was  badly  managed  and  has  been  idle  for  many  years,  being  tied 
up  in  the  meshes  of  the  law.  The  nearness  of  this  site  and  ore 
to  the  cheap  transportation  afforded  by  the  Tennessee  River 
should  cause  it  to  be  utilized.  The  ore  undoubtedly  exists  in 
great  quantity  over  a  large  area  of  country — up  and  down  the 
river. 

Along  the  western  foot  of  the  Cumberland  mountains  and  the 
Middle  Tennessee  basin,  in  a  formation  identical  vrith  that  where 
the  ores  of  Stewart,  Montgomery,  and  Hickman  are  found, 
exist  some  beds  of  limonite,  the  extent  of  which  has  not  been 
fully  determined.  They  are  found  chiefly  in  the  counties  of 
White,  AVarren,  Putnam,  and  Overton.  At  several  points  these 
beds  appear  to  be  of  valuable  extent,  but  no  exploration  has 
been  made  sufficient  to  test  its  quantity.  The  ^McMiunville 
branch  of  the  Xashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  now  in  course 
of  extension' to  Sparta,  will  afford  means  of  transportation  and 
access  to  this  region. 

RED  FOSSIL  ORE. 

The  next  ore  to  be  considered,  and  though  occupying  a  less 
area,  probably  not  less  extensive  in  quantity,  belongs  to  the  true 
hematite  series,  and  is  known  to  mineralogy  and  the  manufac- 
turer as  the  red  fossil  ore,  but  is  known  locally  in  Tennessee  as 
Dvestone.     It  is  almost  entirelv  confined  to  East  Tennessee,  but 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  31 

almost  three-fourths  of  ihe  pig-iron  made  in  the  State  since  1870 
■was  made  from  it. 

The  geological  position  of  this  ore  is  in  the  Clinton  group  of 
the  Xiagara  period,  below  the  black  shale  of  the  Dominion  for- 
mation. In  this  State  there  are  usually  but  thin  strata  inter- 
vening between  the  two;  and  while  the  latter  is  frequently 
found  outcropping,  it  does  not  mean  that  the  ore  is  found  under- 
neath it.  This  is  the  case  all  around  the  Middle  Tennessee  basin- 
But  in  East  Tennessee,  all  along  the  western  base  of  the  Cumber- 
land Mountains,  from  Chattanooga  to  Cumberland  Gap,  the  two 
strata  are  found  in  close  conjunction,  and  where  one  exists  it  is 
certain  that  the  other  is  to  be  found  in  that  vicinity,  though  it 
may  becovered  with  drift.  This  ore  is  one  of  the  most  persistent 
strata  of  the  Appalachian  geological  system.  It  is  found  in  New 
York,  bordering  Lake  Ontario,  curving  northward  on  the  west 
and  southward  on  the  east,  sinking  there  beneath  the  Hamilton 
shales  and  slates,  rising  again  in  Pennsylvania,  and  continuing 
thence  in  an  almost  unbroken  outcrop  southwest  into  the  heart 
of  the  State  of  Alabama.  The  seams  of  ore  in  this  State,  how- 
ever, are  much  thicker  than  in  Pennsylvania  ;  and  besides  the 
regular  continuous  seam  at  the  foot  of  the  Cumberland  mount- 
ain, there  is  an  independent  seam  almost  as  continuous,  and  at 
places  much  thicker,  in  what  is  called  White"  Oak  mountain, 
a  high  ridge  entering  the  State  from  Georgia,  in  the  county  of 
James,  and  passing  northward  is  continuous  to  Virginia,  though 
the  northern  end,  in  the  county  of  Hancock,  is  called  Powell's 
mountain.  This  is  the  Montour  ridge  of  Pennsylvania.  This 
ridge  in  Pennsylvania  is  only  twenty-seven  miles  long,  and  from 
it  in  1846,  Prof.  Rogers  states,  that  twenty  furnaces,  making 
sixty  thousand  tons  of  iron  per  annum  vrere  deriving  their  sup- 
ply of  ore,  and  in  1881  there  were  still  nine  large  furnaces 
deriving  their  supply  in  whole  or  part  from  this  same  ridge.  • 
The  White  Oak  mountain  has  a  continuous  length  in  East 
Tennessee  of  over  one  hundred  miles. 

This  red  fossil  ore  is  also  found  in  several  detached  ridges, 
from  three  to  ten  miles  long,  which  lie  parallel  with  the  White 
Oak  Mountain,  at  intervals,  in  a  general  southwest  and  northeast 
direction. 

This  ore  is  less  variable  in  quality  than  the  limonites,  and  the  an- 
alysis of  a  specimen  from  one  point  in  a  leading  range  will  usually 
be  identical  with  that  from  another  point  ten,  twenty  or  fifty  miles 
distant.     Below  water  level,  the  ore  on  the  White  Oak  jSIoun- 


32  nAND-BOOK    OF    TKN'NW^rfr.iO. 

tain,  and  at  a  (M-rtain  tifpth  llio  oro  in  llio  soani  at  t!io  foot  of 
tho  CnniWrhind  Mountain,  hoconu's  poorer  in  iix>n  and  rielirr  in 
lime,  llenco,  for  tlie  [jrc^cnt,  mining;  U  stopped  whi'n  this  hard 
nnd  poor  ore  is  reached;  tlu>  j)roper  course  would  l)o  to  mix  it, 
as  done  in  I'enn-sylvaiiin,  with  tlie  riehcr  soil  ore  from  near  the 
surfae(^. 

Two  other  bodi(!,'=>  of  this  ore  are  oi'  great  extent  in  East  Ten- 
;nossee,  but  detached  i'rom  the  East  Tenneifssee  V^illey  proper. 
These  are  in  Elk  Fork  Valley  and  Sequatchie  Valley.  The 
former  is  about  25  miles  long  and  extends  into  Kentucky  ;  the 
latter  is  about  GO  miles  long  and  extends  into  Alabama.  Thj'ough. 
out  the  whole  length  of  the.se  valleys  tlie  red  fo.ssil  ore  appears, 
dipping  slightly  to  the  east.  On  the  opposite  side  of  (be  moun- 
tain, at  its  eastern  base,  along  the  foot  of  NVylden's  IJidge,  the 
ore  dips  to  the  west,  hence  if  the  ovc  is  continuous  for  the  eight 
to  ten  miles  of  distance  under  the  intervening  carboniferous 
strata,  the  amount  of  iron  ore  thus  stored  away  for  future  use  is 
simply  cnvirmous.  Tlie  ore  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountain  is 
three  feet  thick  and  in  the  valleys  much  thicker.  Tlierefore, 
<'ven  if  containing  only  30  per  cent,  of  iron,  the  amount  of 
available  ore  the  seuni  would  yield,  to  capital  invented  in  scien- 
tilic  mining,  will  ecpuxl  if  nut  surpass  that  of  .my  known  deposit 
of  ore  in  the  world. 

iVt  present  the  morle  of  mining  this  ore  is  to  get  ore  on  the 
cheapest  plan  possible,  without  the  slightest  reference  to  the 
future.  In  the  seam  at  the  foc>t  of  the  mountain  it  occurs  in  a 
series  of  knobs,  witli  short,  narrow  valleys  between  them.  The 
ore  is  robbed  from  the  knobs  by  rough  tunnels  as  long  as  they 
think  it  pays,  and  then  that  knob  is  abandoned  and  another  at- 
tacked. No  mining  is  done  below  level  of  the  little  branches. 
Tn  White  Oak  Mountain  the  dirt  and  shale  is  stripped  with  picks 
..luij  sliovols  off  the  seam  of  ore  until  the  wall  of  shale  reaches  a 
height  or  thi(>kness  of  six  or  eight  feet ;  the  stripped  ore  is  then 
tak(!n  (Hit  and  the  rest  abandoned.  In  so-eallerl  v.orke<l-out 
leuocs  near  Ooltewah,  are  thousands  of  tonsoi  ore  whii-h.  by  intel- 
ligent mining  can  nc.w  be  gotten  out  as  cheaj)ly  as  has  bten  any 
which  had  the  thinner  covering.  The  price  of  this  ore  in  Chat- 
tanooga ranges  fram  $2  to  §2.50  per  ton. 

On  the  mountain  seam  are  now  iocated  thnH'  furnaees.  two  at 
Ivockwood  and  one  at  Oakdale.  One  furnace  at  Ohattanooga 
derives  its  supply  from  the  White  Oak  Mountain  near  Ooitowaa, 
and  South  Pittsburg  :ind  Cowan  furnaces  get  tlu-ir  ore  from  the 


H.1lJMD-BOOK    Of   TENNESSEE.  33 

*iame    mountain   at  Ooltewah  and  at  Welker's,  and  some  from 
Alabama. 

The  r^eam^i  of  this  ore  liave  very  superitjr  facilities  for  traas- 
portation.  The  Tenues-see  River  runs  parallel  between  the  Whita 
Oak  Mountain  ?ieam  and  that  of  Shin  Bone  Ridge,  at  tha 
foot  of  the  Cumberland  ^Mountain.  The  latter  has  aLso  the  Cia- 
cinnati  Southern  Railway  iu  a  few  hundred  yards  of  it  for  nearlj 
Jiseventy  7nile?.  Jt  is  also  accessible  by  the  Knoxville  and  Ohio 
Road  at  Coal  Creek  and  Carey vilie.  The  White  Oak  Mountain 
ore  is  cut  throuoh  by  tlie  East  TennesvSee,  Vir<j::inia  and  Georgia 
Raih'oad  near  C)oltcwah  and  also  by  it>:  Red  Clay  extension,  and 
hy  the  Knoxville  and  ()liio  branch  of  that  i-oad  from  Knox- 
ville to  Keutuckv  near  tin-  town  of  ('liut<)n.  The  Tennessee 
River  also  cuts  it  at  VVelk<'r"s,  in  Koane  (Vanity.  The  Tennes- 
see Rivei'  also  cuts  through  the  Half  >[(K)n  I>land  lied  for  a  dis- 
tance of  ten  miles.  A  sy stnn  of  cheap  narrow-guage  roada, 
would  bring  to  the  river  and  lailmads  in  sfiort  distances  a  larjja 
amount  of  ore  now  too  far  distant  for  hauling  by  teams. 

The  red  fossil  orp  has  udI  been  found  in  any  jiarr  of  the  ^Middla 
Tennessee  region.  I  a  Overton  Count  v  a  houatite  oi-e  is  found, 
locally  called  dycstont>,  but  it  is  not  the  samr  as  the  East  Tea- 
neSvsee  dycstc^ne,  nor  is  it  known  to  exist  in  large  (|uantities.  In 
the  county  of  Wayne  ai-o  three  knobs  which  contain  a  large 
amount  of  hematite.  Its  geological  position  has  not  l>een  ex- 
actly iletermiucd.  The  location  is  near  Clifton,  on  the  Tennessea 
River,  ami  the  ore  is  of  good  quality.  Jt  was  once  iise^l  in  a  fur- 
nace located  near  by,  and  souie  of  it  iias  bccu  shi])ped  oil*  and 
used  for  paint. 

The  third  most  important  <n-e,  a^  ros|)ecis  (piantity,  in  the  State 
of  Tennessee  is  the  carbonate  of  iron  of  the  Coal  .MeasureH.  This 
IS  in  Enghuul  and  Europe  one  of  the  chief  ores  from  which  iron  Ls 
made.  It  Ls  u.sed  to  some  extent  iu  Ohio  and  Pennsvlvauia,  but 
tis  yet  not  at  all  in  Tennes.see,  though  it  is  one  of  the  most  abun- 
dant and  easily  worked  ores.  There  are  j)oints  in  the  Tenne.ss(^ 
coal  Held  where  it  can  be  mined  very  cheaply.  It  Ls  found  in 
the  State  underlying  the  coal  seam,  worked  at  Coal  Creek  and  at 
Careyville  ;  at  the  latter  i)lace  it  is  specially  abundant.  There 
are  a  number  of  layers  of  it  in  the  Tennessee  coal-field. 

The  least  abnndant,  but  most  valuable  iron  ores  oi'  the  State, 
are  the  ores  found  in  the  metamorphic  rocks,  from  which  Bes- 
semer steel  pig  inay  be  made.  There  are  the  hematite  and  the 
rrkagttotlc.     These  are  found  at  intervals  in  the  strata  just  edging 


34  HANM-JtOOK    OF   TKNNE8RKE. 

on  the  I'otwlujii  ^i^Il(l.-tolH■  Mini  in  llic  lionibicinlic  '^iicUs  of 
C:irt<'r  and  .lohnsoii  couut'u-i^.  'Ilif  [i<  iii:itit<!  lias  nut  Im-cii  <lcvtM- 
ojK'd  t<i  iinv  s|Kciiil  (!\trnt ;  lioncc  its  t|ii;uitity  is  not  known.  In 
Sullivan  and  (.'ajlcf  cduntio.s,  in  tht-  r(M)|-liills  of  tin;  Hol.-<t<in 
Moiinlnins,  is  liuind  licniatitc  ore  of  very  (•<iiii)jact  >li-ucHirf.  It 
lias  Ix^on  used  in  iiirjics  and  made  iiood  iron,  liiit  no  .-ufficirnt  f;x- 
plonition  has  (!Vor  hccn  made  to  test  it.x  ijuality,  lliouyh  siuuli 
pieces  ol'  it  an-  scattered  ovci-  a  lar;^t;  area  of  country. 

The  nia,un('tic  ore  exists  in  a  limited  area,  Jjut  is  in  liirf^G 
(juMjUity  and  of  e.xcellont  (luality.  jjittle  heyond  (^xploratioiiH 
for  the  investment  of  capital,  and  a  little  difj<rinu  tor  forj^es, 
has  }>een  done  in  this  State,  but  l)eyon<l  the  North  ('arolina  line, 
very  exten.sive  excavations  have  been  made  for  the  ownei-s  of  th»j 
East  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad,  and  aj» 
immense  aijtioiint  of  ore  uncovered.  That  railroad  is  now  com- 
pleted from  Johnson  City  to  those  mines  in  North  Carolina,  and 
must  also  eventually  be  the  moans  of  developing  the  ore  of  C'arter 
County.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Johnson  County,  magnetic  ore  L> 
also  found,  but  transportation  is  so  far  distant,  that  there  Is  na 
likelihood  of  its  d<!velopment  for  njany  yeai-s. 

The  followiiiii  ai-e  the  iron  furnaces  in  Tennes.^ee  using] coke- 
for  fuel  : 

Oakdah'  Iron  Com])any,  .lerk  I*.  ().,  Roane  County,  Tem>.;. 
lion.  John  C>.  Scott,  President,  Jerk  P.  O.,  (one  stack). 

Koane  Iron  Company,  Rockwood  P.  O.,  Roane  County,  Tenn> 
(two  stacks),  H.  S.  Chamberlain,  l*re?;idenr,  Chattanooga,  Tenu. 

Chattanooga  Iron  Company,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  (one  stack). 
Warren,  Manager,  Chattanooga  Tenn. 

Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Company,  South  Pittsburg, 
Marion  County  (two  stacks),  J.  C.  Warner.  President,  Nashville. 
Tenn. 

Tennessee  Coal,  Iron  and  Railroad  Company,  Cowan.  Tejin. 
(one  stack),  J.  C.  AVarner,  President,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

The  cond)ined  product  of  these  furnaces  is  about  40d  tons  of 
pig  iron  per  day. 

The  Inrnaces  now  in  ojieration  in  the  State  of  Tennessee  using 
diarcoal  for  fuel  are: 

Napier  Furnace  Company,  chief  post-office,  Lawrence  Couniy, 
Tenn.;  J.  E.  R.  Carpenter,  President,  Columbia,  Tenn.,  makes 
cold-blast  cai--,vheol  irons. 

Warner  Furnace,  Warner,  Hickman  County,  Tenn.;  J.  C. 
Warner,   President,    Nashville,    Tenn.      Makes  cold-hlast  err- 


HAXB-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  35 

"wheel  iron  now,  but  will  pr<>l>ab]y  be  tunieti  into  coke  or  hot- 
bliiPt  oharooal. 

("uiiiberlaixl  Funuioe  Coiiipai)}",  C'uiubei'liind  Fiiruace,  Dick- 
8t)u  ("(uuitv  :  .].  r.  DruKiillard.  President,  Nashville,  Tenu  ;  liot- 
blast  ehar((ml   ircn. 

Cumberland  Iron  \Vorkj<  ("oinpauy.  Bear  Spring  Furnace, 
Stewart  Cminty  ;  .1.  P.  Droniillard,  Prer^ident.  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Make*  etild-bh;s:t  ehareual  iion  fur  ear  wlicels. 

The  fonibined  [jroduet  of  thei^e  furuaees  is  abuiit  60  tons  per 
day. 

Clark  Furnace  in  |S(i\vart  County  \va«; burned  last  winter,  and 
has  not  yet  been  repaired.  L;Ui range  Furnace,  owned  by  the 
same  company  as  Clark.  \m;s  rcluilt  en  the  ncAv  Idea,  Corendolt 
mode],  two  years;  ayo.  but  ciid  n<,it  do  well,  and  is  not  noAV  in 
blast. 


COPPER 


Tlio  part  of  the  !>tatc  of  'ronnosHoe  wliirh  ha.^  prorlured  ropper 
ore  in  any  quantity  is  all  in<'l)idorl  in  th(-  county  of  Polk. 
Thoiiiili  small  in  area,  it  is  cai)ahle  of  being  a  o;reat  source  of 
weahli  to  the  State.  None  of  the  mine.'«  are  now  in  operation, 
hnt  tliev  were  worked  with  pi-otit  for  nianv  years  hy  Ca])!.  J.  E. 
Kaht,  and  there  is  no  oood  nnison  whv  thev  should  not  ac;ain 
beeoino  a  source  of  protlt  to  the  f)]>erator,  and  of  K'netit  to  the 
jH'onle  of  tliat  I'cuion. 

These  nunes  are  located  in  a  troup-h-like  basin  ol'  metnmorphic 
rocks,  wliich  is  found  in  the  extreme  south-eastern  corner  of  the 
i^tatc,  it  bcin;^  the  hirLic-^t  area  y^i'  these  rocks  to  be  finmd  in  liie 
fState.  The  veins  of  ore  are  ol'  the  5eir.ii')'0jr<ited  character,  imd 
run  with  the  strata  to  the  northeast  and  southwest,  the  IxHlies  of 
ore  ocourrinii  usuallv  in  sonicrhinii'  of  an  echelon  ari-ant'cmeiit. 
Some  of  these  veins  have  l)ecn  explored  to  a  depth  of  over  200 
feet  with  a  result  showinu'  that  tlse  veins  are  [lermanent.  The 
ore--'  found  near  the  surface  are  rei|  :\n(\  black  oxidt's,  but  at 
greater  dc|)ths  the  on-  is  tin*  veilow  -u!ph\irct. 

This  body  of  ore  was  discov<'red  iu  lS4-">.  but  no  retiiilar  sys- 
t<'inatic  mining-  Avas  doin^  iiefon>  I''^')<).  In  l.'^oo,  there  "were 
fourteen  mines  in  opiM'atiou,  and  over  81,000,000  Avorth  of  ore 
>va.s  !shi])po<l  North.  In  IS.IS,  a  number  of  the  companies  united 
under  the  name  of  tlie  I'nion  ('ons<didated  Co])per  (onipanv. 
The  war  cojninu  on  soon  after,  no  ^reat  results  then  occurred 
from  the  consolidalioii,  Win  in  l.s(ii>  operations  were  ajzain  com- 
ntoiieed  and  that  company  shi[)])ed  000.0(1(1  ])ounds  of  ini^ot 
copi)er;  and  the  other  comjtanies  ship]H'd  4()().00()  pouuds.  la 
1878,  the  consolidated  compnnv  (>nl(\re<l  into  a  lawsuit  with  Capt. 
Elaht.  which  cau.sed  a  stoppage  of  operations,  and  since  that  time 
nothing  has  been  done  ex(;ep{  to  keep  the  water  ])uniped  out  of 
the  East  Tennuerfiee  ^line,  and  to  protect  the  machinery  from 
rust.  The  title  to  the  ('on.solidatcd  Conipauy  ])ropevty  is  now 
clear,  and  there  i.-«  no  apparent  reason  why  the  luiue?  should  not 
be  woike<l. 


HAXD-BOOK   OP   TENNESSEE.  37 

There  are  other  mines  of  equal  vahie  to  any  belonging  to  the 
Consolidated  Company,  but  that  company  owns  the  smelting 
works  and  until  they  commence  operations,  the  other  mines 
cannot  be  worked  with  profit,  as  the  cost  of  hauling  to  the  rail- 
road if?  so  great  that  it  will  not  pay  to  ship  the  ores.  There  are 
also  properties  in  this  region  entirely  undeveloped. 

If  the  railroad  now  in  process  of  construction  from  Asheville, 
N.  C,  to  Ducktown  is  continued  on  to  Cleveland,  Tenu.,  then 
coke  may  be  obtained  at  reasonable  cost,  and  hence  the  mines 
can  be  worked  and  ores  smelte<l  with  fair  certainty  of  good 
profit. 

Copper  ore  has  also  been  found  in  Monroe  C^-'Unty,  but  not  ex- 
tensive development  made. 


"^^48910 


GOLD. 


Gold  has  been  found  in  only  one  section  of  Tounejisoo,  and 
that  is  within  the  ball  rango  of  mountains  on  Wolf  Creek,  in 
Cocke  CH-)unty,  and  on  Coco  CJreok  in  Monroe  County.  The 
discovery  of  gold  on  Wolf  Creek  i<  recent,  hut  placer  v\ar?hiug8 
have  been  worked  on  ('oco  Creek  for  many  yea»-?;,  and  are  stiJl 
continued  in  a  small  way.  Many  hundreds  of  dollars  are  gotten 
from  there  every  year,  of  which  no  record  is  kept.  W>u'k  was 
done  here  as  early  as  1831,  and  up  to  1860,  over  -S.iO.OOO  had 
hce.i  received  at  the  V.  8.  Mint,  known  to  have  come  from 
there.  It  is  probable  that  fully  twice  that  sum  was  the  actual 
amount  obtained. 

So  fai%  washing  the  gravel  and  dirt  in  and  afljncent  to  the 
creeks  has  been  the  source  of  obtaining  tlic  gold,  but  active 
search  is  now  being  made  for  quartz  veins,  with  prospects  of 
success.  Tliere  is  witliout  doubt  much  room  for  caiTful  explora- 
tion in  this  region,  and  the  systematic  worker  will  find  himself 
well  rei>aid.  The  same  characteristic  ftu-mation  exi.-tvS  in 
Unicoi,  Oreene.  ('arter  and  Johnson  counties,  aufl  gold  may 
also  be  found  there.  In  view  of  the  recent  great  discoverie<>  in 
Virginia  and  Georgia,  at  points  where  gohl  was  not  supposed  to 
exi*t,  il  may  not  be  unreasona.!)le  to  h  ipo  f  )r  valuable  develop- 
ments in  Tcnncvssoe. 


■  ZINC, 


Within  a  few  years  past,  the  ore,s  of  Lhii*  iiieUil  have  become 
■of  some  importance.  In  1872,  works  for  the  manufacture  of 
y.inc  oxide  were  erected  at  Mos-?)'  Creek,  and  mines  opened  near 
that  place.  After  a  few  Ye<irs  of  piickly  exii^tence,  the  company 
failed,  cliiefly  from  the  fact  that  it  wa.s  started  without  any 
actual  paid  in  capital,  and  also  neither  the  ores  or  the  location 
Tvere  adapted  to  making  oxide.  If  the  manufacture  of  metal 
■zinc  had  been  the  object,  at  letu«t  a  temporary  success  might 
have  been  attained.  In  187fi,  the  Passaic  Fire  Company  pur- 
•chased  mines  on  }*owell's  Tliver  in  Union  County,  and  com- 
menced operations  there  on  an  extensive  scale.  They  contin- 
ued active  operations  to  sometime  in  the  spring  of  1882.  The 
mines  are  now  abandoned  on  account  of  the  large  quantity  of 
fiulphurets  which  liave  come  in — that  company  not  using  that 
character  of  7,incj>re.  During  the  time  they  <*ontinued  opera- 
tion, over  $100,000  worth  of  carbonate  of  zinc  was  shippe<l  from 
this  mine.  In  187H,  Mr.  Ivichberg,  of  C-hicago,  purchased  some 
property  on  Straight  Creek,  near  ('linch  River,  in  the  county 
of  Claiborne  and  commenced  mining  for  zinc  ore ;  soon  after  he 
•commeiifC'd  tlv  erection  of  works  for  the  iuunufacture  of 
metalic  zinc  at  Clinton,  wliere  the  Knoxville  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road cross<'s  Clinch  lliver,  and  completed  tiiem  in  1881.  Ore 
is  used  from  the  mines  on  Straight  Creek,  being  fioate<l  down 
the  river  'and  also  from  Mossy  Creek.  The  works  are  still 
running  nuil  have  a  eai)neitv  for  making;  ^^OOO  pounds  of  metal 
zinc  each  24  hours. 

Tiie  lead  of  zinc  ore  which  })asse.-!  by  Mossy  Creek  is  contin- 
lious  for  aliout  •>')  miles  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  line,  and 
in  the  sum  total  contains  a  large  quantity  of  ore,  though  not  of 
a  quality  very  rich  in  metiil.  lt<  proximity  to  the  East  Teuu., 
Va.  &  Ga.  Railroad,  give^s  it  a  special  importance,  the  out- 
cropping of  the  ore  being  from  only  a  few  luindred  yards  to  six 
miles  from  the  line  of  the  road  for  a  distance  of  fifty  milevS,  The 
ore  of  this  lea-d  has  in  it  onlv  a  mere  trace  of  lead. 


40  II  AND- !'/(><  »K    »*J'    'rKNNF>ihr:;K. 

The  (ttlicr  Nad  of  <iic  may  l>c  (iillcd  I  Ik-  IV.wcHV  Mivtj-  l(;u<J. 
lUs  cliief  (levelojniH')it  is  in  the  uppci  |iaii  of  I'liion  hikI  lower 
part  of  (Jlaiborno  counties.  ThiK  lead  may  Ite  linnid  to  contain 
vahiablc  ore  at  oilier  points  tlian  those  now  wdrked^as  in  a 
northeast  line  inasitniliar  loi-mation  in  N'iiginia  ;/o(>(i  zinc  orti 
has  been  di»5covered. 


Lead. 


Lead  ore  is  fouud  at  many  places  in  the  State  of  Tennessee^ 
but  is  worked  regularly  at  only  one.  Sporadic  effortf^  at  mining: 
have  been  at  one  time  or  anotlier  attempted,  but  all  for  some 
reason  were  susjiended  without  reaching  ?ny  definite  result. 
The  question  whether  there  is  any  lead  ore  of  value  in  the  State 
is  as  uncertain  a.<  ever. 

In  Henry  county  sj^ecimens  have  been  found,  but  undoubtedly 
came  from  the  North  in  the  great  glacial  drift.  In  Clay  county 
good  specimens  have  l)een  obtained  from  the  sub-carboniferous 
limestone,  and  there  are  indications  of  a  good  vein.  In  East 
Tennessee  lead  is  found  in  all  the  zinc  mines  of  the  Powell's 
River  region,  but  nnly  in  a  "very  small  quantity,  as  stated,  in  the 
Mossy  Creek  ores.  Lead  ore  is  found  in  the  counties  of  Bradley, 
McMinn,  Monroe,  Loudon,  Roane,  Jefi'erson,  Grainger,  Anderson, 
Campbell,  Union,  Claiborne,  Greene,  Washington,  Johnson  and 
Carter.  In  Bradley,  ^NFonroe,  Loudon  and  Roane  it  is  found 
associated  with  Baryta,  and  has  been  worked  a  little  in  each 
county  in  past  years,  and  at  some  of  the  old  diggings  there  are 
indications  that  with  ])roper  work  a  paying  quantity  of  ore  might 
be  obtained.  The  oie  does  not  exist  in  a  regular  vein,  but  rather 
in  a  series  of  lenticular  deposits,  occui-riug  at  regular  intervals  ux 
a  regular  line  along  with  the  strata.  These  deposits,  however. 
are  continuous  from  the  Georgia  line  through  the  counties  of 
Bradley,  ]\[cMinn,  Monroe,  Loudon,  Jefferson,  Blount  and 
Greene.  The  lead  ore  in  Roane  is  found  in  a  similar  position, 
but  is  tobe  found  out  of  the  general  line  of  the  deposits.  In  Carter 
county  lead  ore  has  been  found  in  a  location  which  gives  the 
appearance  of  being  a  true  vein  running  across  the  strata  m  an 
anticlinal,  as  a  fauh  o!"  the  P()tsdam  sandstone.  It  is  said  also 
to  appear  in  Johnson  county.  This  ore  is  the  only  lead  ore  m 
Tennessee  containing  any  appreciable  amouiit  of  silver.  The 
gangue  is  a  siliceous  breccia,  and  the  ore  is  largely  intermingled 
with  supplementing  iron.  In  the  southwest  corner  of  Claiborne 
county,  near  the  line  of  Union  county,  Ls  another  locality  where 


42  IIAND-nOOK    OK    Tr;N.Nj;HHl-,K. 

]cni]  is  foniul  apjM-'iirin'^  to  l)c  in  a  tnio  vein.  Tho  '^aivjjm' h'^rc  iji 
a  silioeout*  breccia,  but  the  loiul  ore  is  mixed  with  a  ,Hiil})hiirf4,  fvf 
zinc  instcnd  of  aulphuret  of  iron,  a.s  in  (^'artor  county.  It  in  a 
notable  point  that  both  thowo  veins  have  the  ship*-  rlin!cti<>n 
north,  77''  toH0''cji8t.  This  locality,  in  Claiborne  founty,  is  a  very 
remarkable  one,  and  the  vein  may  be  trae+MJ  a^rroiw 
the  county  for  n\any  miles — the  outerop  plainly  showinj; 
in  the  bottom  of  Powell's  River.  This  vein  has  l)«H>n 
opened  to  a  depth  of  thirty  feet,  and  it.  is  .^tate<l 
that  the  sulphuret  of  zinc  grew  less  with  the  depth,  and  at 
the  point  where  the  shaft  was  stopped  for  want  of  proper  punip- 
ing  apparatus,  the  ore  had  concentrated  into  three  or  four  veinu 
of  very  pure  galena  traversing  gangiie — one  of  these  said  t^)  be 
solidly  six  inchcvS  thick.  For  many  years  no  work  has  been 
<lone  at  this  place.  Many  years  ago  coiLsiderable  work  wa.s  done 
for  lead  in  Bompas's  Cove,  and  a  small  stamp  mill  ereeted.  It  in 
not  known  for  what  cause  it  was  abandoned.  ^ 


MANGANESE, 


At  various  ]>i>ints  in  the  Chilhowee  Mountain  and  its  attendant 
ranges  are  Extensive  beds  of  the  oxi'le  of  manganese  of  the  best 
quality.  Except  in  Johnson  county  none  of  these  have  ever  been 
worked  for  slu]imont,  several  hundred  tons  having  been  mined 
from  a  locality  in  Johnson  county.  Large  quantities  have  alao 
been  found  in  Carter  couutv. 


Marble, 


The  Marble  industry  of  Tennessee  is  the  result  of  the  increase 
of  wealth  in  our  nation  and  a  consequent  indulgence  in  the 
ornamental  and  beautiful,  combined  with  the  useful,  rather  than  in 
the  useful  alone.  The  pure  white  marble  which  for  centuries  has 
ornamented  the  houses  of  the  rich  and  given  a  ghastly  look  to  the 
home  of  the  dead,  does  not  exist  ifi  Tennessee.  The  marbles  of 
the  .State  have  been  warmed  into  attractiveness  and  brilliancy  by 
the  commingling  of  one  or  more  of  the  brighter  colors  with  the 
pearly  tints  of  the  sea  shell.  It  was  this  rare  beauty  and 
brilliancy  which  drew  the  attention  of  an  artist  architect  to  the 
marble  of  Hawkins  countv  and  caused  it  to  be  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  world  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  From  this 
nucleus  has  originated  a  business  spreading  all  over  East  Ten- 
nessee, employing  a  large  number  of  workmen,  adding  greatly  to 
the  fi'eight  lists  of  our  railroads  and  giving  comfortable  returns 
to  all  capital  invested. 

The  development  of  this  industry  is  one  of  the  instances  of  how 
much  may  be  done  by  individual  enterprise  in  giving  publicity 
and  calling  attention  to  a  product,  however  insignificant  it  may 
appear.  Orville  Rice  conceived  the  idea,  and  he  and  five  friends 
had  ])rei">ared  and  sent  to  the  Washington  Monument  ablock  of  the 
then  unknown  Hawkins  county  marble.  It  attracted  the  eye  and 
}>leased  the  taste  of  the  architect  of  the  new  Capitol ;  tests  proved 
ittobeoi  good  quality,  a  quarry  was  purchased  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  it  used  in  that  building.  And  the  same  quarry  is  yet 
worked  and  furnishes  an  average  of   10,000  cubic  feet  annually. 

Nearly  all  the  Tennessee  marble  belongs  to  the  variegated  class  ; 
some  has  a  solid  drab  or  dove  color,  and  in  other  localities  it  is 
gray  or  j)iukisli  gray.  Of  this  class  it  has  no  rival  east  of  the 
Rockv  Motiittains,  exeept  in  a  limited  area  of  the  State  ♦)f  Ver- 
mont. The  sienna  and  variegated  marbles  of  Italy  have  Ikjcu 
supplanted  by  the  more  brilliant  stone  from  the  land  whose  people 
delight  to  call  it  the  Switzerland  of  America. 

The  geological  position  of  this  marble  is  in  the  upper  part  of 
tiie  Lower  Silurean,  one  of  tlie  strata  of  the  grouji  ol"  Tronton 


44  HANI»-l«)OK    OF    ■/LNMCHHKK. 

llint'rtUnH't;,  lifiiiii  ilio  iifxl  III  the  lo\V(^l  uk-ihIkj'  oI'  tliiil  H-rif-s. 
Iii  the  I'ounty  <•('  Heiii-y  and  :ilf(»  iu  BcijUhi,  sire  ioiimi  local  In'dh 
of  iiiarl)i('  wl.icii  aic  in  tlicXiaLMni  loriuatioii.  I»ut  liiev.  while  oi' 
truly  liautisdinc  aiiixaraiicc,  dn  not  liavc  iIr-  lniHian<-y  ol'  the 
Kast  THuiessci'  iiiari)l<'s.  Jn  Lincoln  county  a  variety  of  .-'hell 
marble  is  found  in  the  Trcntun  liuicstoncs,  which  very  much 
re.-*en)hh's  the  true  varicuatcd  .species!  aiul  may  aH'ord  handsome 
blocks-  ol'con.'nicrcial  si/.c,  hut  by  far  the  j^reatest  body  of  marble 
is  foun<l  in  East  Tcniuv-sec,  and  fntm  tlint  section  alone  shi])- 
ments  fnon  tlic  Siat»'  have  been  nuide. 

The  oriijiiial  opcninu'  of  the  Tennessee  nuirble  was  in  Hawkins 
county,  and  until  witiiin  a  few  years  past  thei'e  was  its  i:rcate,st 
development.  Now  the  lartrfst  busiiia-^s  is  done  in  Knox  county, 
ajid  there  are  ((uarries  in  Hawkins,  Knox,  Haiublen,  Jetierson, 
Loudoji,  Monroe  and  Bradley.  For  the  year  ending  June  -SOth. 
1871,  the  amount  of  marble  shipped  over  the  East  Tennessee, 
Virginia  &  (ieoruia  Kailroad  was  1.2(12,422  pounds,  and  of  this 
Hawkins  county  furnished  1,109,94.)  pounds.  For  the  year 
ending  June  oOth,  l^-Sl,  the  amount  shij)ped  over  the  .same  rail- 
road \vas  14,.312,4H7  pounds,  of  wliich  only  l>,G51,000  pounds  was 
from  Hawkins  county,  and  more  than  10,000,000  pounds  from 
Knox  county,  'i'he  total  may  be  roughly  estimated  at  <S0,000  cubic 
leet,  which,  at  an  average  price  of  SS  per  cubic  foot,  would  be  the 
sum  of  ^240,000,  now  being  brought  into  East  Tennessee  for  an 
article  lately  valueless,  an<l  the  demand  foi'  which  is  steadily 
increasing. 

The  marble  beds  of  Hawkins  county  an- in  a  narroM  ridge  run- 
ning northeast  and  southwest  with  the  general  line  of  all  Easr  Teu- 
nei«t«ee  strata,  the  outcropping  being  usually  on  the  western  side 
of  the  ridge.  This  ridge  commences  about  six  mile-  north  of 
Rogersville  and  ends  abruptly  about  eight  miles  southeast  of 
that  place,  being  a])parently  isolated,  though  careful  examina- 
tion proves  that  its  strata  connect.'^  with  Clinch  Mimntain  on  thu 
north  and  continues  in  the  strut^t  to  the  south,  though  losing  for 
some  distance  its  elevated  ridge-like  position  above  the  general 
face  of  the  country.  In  this  )-idgc  are  nine  quarries,  of  which 
seven  are  vigorously  worked.  Four  of  them  ship  their  marble 
through  Rogersville,  and  tlirec  haul  by  wagon  to  Whilesburg 
and  ship  from  that  jjoint.  The  railroad  from  Rogersville  connects 
■with  the  main  l-'ast  Tennessee,  Virginia  ct  Georgia  Kailroad. 

The  amount  iA'  marble  in  Hawkins  county  is  verv  great, 
and  therein  are  ilund  varleirated  marbles  of  more  brilliaucvthan 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TKNNE^^KK.  45 

in  any  other  section.  The  hu^iQe.'*!^  has  not  increased  in  the  same 
proportion  as  in  Kuox  county  because  of  the  pom-  facilities  for 
transportation.  If  the  railroad  to  Ri-ygersville  were  extended 
over  to  the  mari)le  valley,  the  amount  of  handsome  variegated 
marble  shipped  would  be  largely  increa-sed,  the  cost  much  de- 
creased, and  orades  of  marble  not  now  (piarrie<^l  would  come  \nt^ 
tise. 

The  quarn'e.<  now  in  operation  are:  Prince  A  Co.,  Che.^tnut 
&  Chestnut,  John  Harnn  &  Co.,  Chestnut  i"C'  Fulkerson,  who 
ship  from  Rooei-sville,  and  Capt  Jas.  White,  the  old  Dou^:hert.7 
(piarry,  Joseph  Stam]>s.  the  Baltimore  Marble  Coinpany.  who  ha\i.i 
to  White-sburg.  on  the  East  Tennessee,  N'irginia  iV  <  norgia  Rail- 
road. 

For  the  year  eudinu  .In no  .'>Olli,  1 -'^''^1 ,  there  was  shipped  from 
5uch  of  these  i|iiarrie<  as  were  operating  then  >>,ool  ,1."v'^  pound.-?  of 
marble,  or  jihout  2<),0l)0  ciiliic  feet.  All  of  this  wms  of  the  finest 
grade  of  variegated  marlile  for  (UMiamental  purposes  only,  and 
can  certainly  be  estimated  as  worth  .S4  pw  cubic  foot  on  the 
cars.  Some  sold  as  liich  as  .?7.  thus  giving  a  j^ross  j)nHluct  of 
$80,000,  while  tlu'  actual  capital  invested  is  vei'v  sma.l'.  Em- 
ployment is  given  to  about  one  hundred  men. 

The  business  is  not  juished  by  anv  one  of  the  f|uarrie5  to  the 
extent  it  might  be  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  trausjwrtat.ion 
heretofore  albideii  to.  Machinery  is  little  used.  In  the  Haf^scn 
quarrv  is  a  chuiiueler  anrl  a  steam  drill.  Mr.  Siami>s  has  two 
steam  drills. 

The  chief  markets  of  this  marbli;  arc  Pliiladri()lii:\.  Baltimore, 
New  York,  Boston  and  other  cities.  It  is  seldom  use<l  for  outside 
work,  but  from  sclectetl  blocks  very  handsome  and  durable  door- 
.*teps  and  banisters  hav<'  licen  made,  which  stoo<l  the  weai-  of 
weather  an<l  time  equally  with  any  stone.  An  iu.itaiic.e  of  this  is 
?eeu  at  the  house  of  ^[r.  Ha.sson  in  Uogersville. 

In  Tfaml)leu  coiinlv  Mr.  ^!.  Carriger.  of  .Morristown.  produces 
some  marbles  of  good  quality,  chietly  for  local  use. 

Jetferson  county  (contains  a  large  <|uantity  of  marble,  t'roin  the 
beds  of  which  beauiii'ul  specimems  have  been  obi;iiiu'd,  but  no 
extensive  quarrying  has  yet  been  dune. 

The  largest  business  now  carried  ou  in  quarryingand  >l)ip|)ing 
marble  is  in  Knox  county.  The  n)arbl(>  of  Kuox  ismoic  varies! 
in  its  quality  and  the  uses  to  which  it  is  adapted  than  that  of  Haw- 
kins county,  and  the  facilities  of  transportation  are  nuuui  better. 
The  quality  varies  from  the  plain  gray  colored  building  stf.>ne  to 


4()  lIANlt-btioK    OF    TEVKKHSKF. 

tJie  most  beautiful  pink  ami  varie^alod  (niianu  utal  niail)lt«._ 
The  gray  or  wliitisli  drah  wiili  pinlc  liutro,  ha;-  no  superior  lus  a 
huildiiig  i^toue.  It  lias  bivu  umhI  in  the  rnit(;(l  iState.s  ('ustoni 
House  at  Knoxville,  at  Memphis,  and  the  State  llou.seat  Ailjany, 
New  York,  and  in  many  other  jjrivatc  and  j)ul)lic  buildinj^  in 
other  eiries.  For  (hirahility  and  ics.istanee  to  mois-ture  it  lias  no 
Buperit)r  in  the  world.  An  analysis  gives  itseoiitents  ofcarbonateoi" 
lime  at  yH.4'?(i,  and  tests  shoAv  its  capaeity  K;  bear  12,000  pounds 
pressure  to  the  sipiare  ineh.  The  first  (|uan-y  of  this  extensively 
opened,  was  by  the  United  .States  (Tovernmeiit,  and  is  loeated  at 
the  junction  of  the  French  Broad  tiiid  Tennessee  liiveiv,  and  is 
now  extensively  operated  by  tiie  Knoxville  3Iarble  Company,  of 
which  General  Patrick,  of  St.  Louis,  is  President,  and  (Jeo.  W. 
Ross,  of  Knoxville.  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  This  marble  has 
been  sent  to  all  parts  of  this  country,  from  San  F>aucL>^co  to  Xew 
York  City.  The  interior  of  the  Governor's  room  in  the  new 
Capitol  at  Albany  is  built  of  it.  trimmed  witl;  Mexican  onyx. 
When  polished  it  hai-  a  rich  mottled  pink  color,  but  bush  ham- 
mered and  rouirh  for  building  purposes,  has  the  ap})earance  of 
being  a  white  marble. 

There  are  three  marble  leads  in  Knox  county  now  worked  ; 
two,  however,  are  undoubtedly  mei'ely  the  north  and  south  side(= 
of  a  synclinal  trough,  lienee,  really  the  same  beds.  These  two 
are  south  of  the  river.  TIk-  third  is  north  of  the  city  and  sceni.s. 
to  have  only  one  outcrop,  like  the  marble  of  Hawkins  county. 
Near  Concord  extensivt;  (piarries  have  been  o])ened,  which 
appear  to  be  in  the  northern  outcrop  of  the  synclinal  basin  here- 
tofore alluded  to. 

The  total  capital  invested  in  the  niai-ble  business  in  Knox 
county  is  about  S2r)0,000,  and  I'ully  three  b.undred  men  are 
employed.  The  two  largest  (juarries  are  the  Knoxville  [Marble 
Company  arid  [Morgan  tfe  ^Villiams.  These  ai-e  the  only  ones 
using  machinery.  The  former  has  live  steam  drills,  seven  steaiti 
derricks,  and  run.s  a  sawing  mill  with  two  gangs  of  saws.  Wil- 
liams &  Morgan  have  three  stram  channeling  machines  and  ii 
mill  with  one  gang  oi'saws,  but  use  only  the  horse  derricks.  All 
the  concerns  use  the  ordinary  derricks.  In  Knoxville,  Beach 
&  Co.  have  a  mill  fcr  sawing  and  machinery  for  ])olishin<j^ 
marble. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  quarries  in  Knox  county : 
Kuoxviile  Marble  Comj^any,  ]V[organ  vl'  Williams,  Jno.M.  Ross, 
Ci-aig  &  McMulleu,  T.  P.  Thomas  &  Co.,R.  U.  Armstrong  & 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  47 

Cr).,H.  H.   Brown  &  Co.,  Hsu-v'ey  &  Smith,   Franklin  Marble 
Company,  Beach  &  Co.,  C.  B.  Ross  &  Co. 

The  demand  for  the  marble  is  constantly  increasing,  and  tliere 
is  still  room  for  capital  invested  in  quarries  located  near  to 
transportation. 

In  Loudon  county  are  beds  of  good  marble,  but  none  of  them 
are  now  worked. 

In  M(jnroo,  Reynohls,  Huling  &  Co.  for  some  time  worke<l  a 
bed  on  Tellico  River,  but  it  is  now  abandoned. 

In  SIcMinn  county,  near  Athens,  marble  beds  ol"  good  quality 
exist,  but  have  not  been  worked  for  several  yeai-s. 

In  Bradley  county,  on  the  Hiawassee  River,  above  Charleston, 
exist  extensive  beds  of  excellent  marble,  owned  by  Capt.  Juo.  S. 
Crary,  at  which  nuachinery  has  lately  been  erected  and  prepara- 
tions made  for  work  on  a  large  scale.  South  of  Cleveland,  near 
the  Georgia  line  is  the  quarry  of  Patrick  &  Smith,  from  which 
a  beautiful  grade  of  pink  marble  is  obtained.  They  have  two 
steam  drills. 

The  marble  in  Henry  and  Benton  counties,  West  Tennessee, 
has  been  mentioned.  It  does  not  have  the  brilliancy  of 
the  East  Tennessee  marbles,  but  is,  nevertheless,  handsome 
and  intei'csting,  from  the  number  of  crinoid  stems  it 
contains.  In  this  respect  difiering  from  the  Lower  Si- 
lurian marbles,  where  a  crinoid  is  only  occasional.  Its 
location  in  Benton  is  on  Birdsing  Creek,  in  Henry  on  Bis;  Sandy 
River,  both  places  being  convenient  to  the  Tennessee  River,  and 
the  latter  very  easy  of  access  to  the  ^NlemphLs  bran('h  of  the 
LouLsville  &  Nashvilc  Railroad.  Considera])]e  stone  from  the 
quarry  on  Big  Sandy,  near  Springville,  has  been  taken  out  and 
used  for  foundations,  caps,  steps  ami  for  monuments.  As  seen 
in  Paris,  it  seems  to  have  good  qualities  for  resisting  weai-  from, 
exposure  to  the  weather. 


Building  Stones,  Roofing  Slates  Clays,  and 
Glass  Sand. 


Teiine.-«soc  L?  woU  supplied  with  iniildiiif; -clones.  In  tin?  extreme 
<*ast,  near  the  Nortl\  (iirolina  line,  a  variety  of  granite  b  to  be 
f'oiiud  :  there  are  ali«i>  iiiarhle-s  of  every  variety  of  color  and  unsur- 
jiassed  in  (|Uality.  Tlie  (innberland  Mountains  artonJ  an 
abundance  of  lin-ht  CDlored  sand-stones,  und  th<'  Niajrara  ridi^ea 
nn  excellent  hrovvn  sandstone.  Just  below  the  nii>unr.ain  lime- 
stone is  an  oolitic  limestone  of  very  excellent  (|Uality.  Thw 
»stone  is  found  at  various  poiut^  on  the  Cincinnati  SiHithern 
Railway,  near  the  ternunal,  on  the  N.-ushville,  ('hatlanoou;a  <k  St. 
Loui<,  in  <  lilcs  connry,  and  on  the  Nashville  t^  Decatur  Kail- 
road.  It  is  v(My  wl!ir(\  work<  easily  and  stands  exjKKsure  to  the 
weather  very  well.^  It  is  ueolo>:ically  the  same  as  the  oolitic 
limestone  of  Bowlinir  Gn^on,  Kentuckv.  but.  unlike  that  .stone, 
docs  not  contain  any  petroleum,  ami  hence,  docs  not  turn  tlark. 
<m  exposure  ar4a  yreat  deal  of  that  from  Bowlini;-  (rreen  does. 

Kverywhere  lhrou<>hout  the  State  except  in  the  extreme  of  the 
\vesteru  division,  tlu'  various  liniesfoucs  are  a<'ce!<sible  for  founda- 
dations  and  thi'  i-oarser  cla.><ses  of  buildiniis.  In  the  ■\ve>st^rn 
<livision  in  some  sections  an  iron  samlstonc  is  found  which  is 
<.^xtensively  used  for  foundations  and  chimneys.  The  liinccstone 
marble  of  Henry  county  is  a  valuable  buildin<i  stone,  and  from 
its  location  could  be  easily  transporte<l  to  sections  where  no  .«tone 
exists.  Large  quantities  of  stone  are  shijjped  from  Clarksville  to 
the  towns  of  the  western  division.  In  the  middle  basin  the  prev- 
alence of  the  easily  worked  Trenton  and  Nashville  limestones 
inakes  building  stone  both  abumlant  and  cheap,  and  Avitii  care 
in  selection,  much  of  excellent  rjuality  ;inil  uniformity  i>f  color 
<'an  be  obtained.  The  Ca])itol  at  Nashville  is  built  of  tliis  stone, 
b\it,  unfortunately,  has  irx  it  many  bhx^ks  ol'  inferior  (piality. 
On  the  line  of  the  North we-'*teni  Railroad,  at  NVhite  Rlutl'  and 
other  points,  a,  cream  colored  sandstone  is  found,  which  is  soft 
and  easily  dres-sed  when  just  taken  out  of  the  gr(-)Uiid,  Vtiit  rapidly 
heeomt^  hajtl  on  expn^ure.  and  is  a  very  durable  stone. 


IIAXD-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  49 

The  gray  unci  pinkisli  gray  marble  of  KnoxvilJc  and  that 
vicinity  has  no  superior  as  a  building  stone.  The  Custom 
Houses  at  Kuoxvillo  and  Memphis  are  built  of  it  and  much  of  it 
has  been  used  in  other  public  buildings.  It  has  greater  specific 
gravity  than  the  best  granites,  and  as  proven  by  t^hts  published 
in  the  New  York  Underwriter,  it  is  a  better  stone  for  resisting 
the  con)biued  action  of  fire  and  water  than  any  granite  or  sand- 
stone. 

The  brown  stone  of  the  Niagara  ridges,  Clinton  formation,  has 
not  been  much  used  as  a  building  stone,  but  where  so  used  has 
proven  very  good.  It  is  abundant  in  East  Tennessee  and  is 
convenient  to  transportation,  both  by  rail  and  water. 

Roofing  slate  is  found  in  several  counties  along  the  eastern 
border  of  the.  State,  but  has  not  yet  been  worked  for  shipment. 
The  quality  is  good  and  the  various  colors  are  also  to  be  found. 
As  yet  transportation  for  it  is  uncertain,  but  if  that  existing  in 
the  \\"oli  Creek  country  should  prove  to  be  of  good  quality,  the 
North  Carolina  branch  of  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia 
Railroad  will  now  furnish  a  reliable  route  to  the  North,  East 
and  West. 

No   first-class  fire   clay  has    yet  been  worked  in   ti- 
Many  trials  have  been  made  of  clays  convenient  to  transportation, 
but  none  of  the  best  quality.     A  good  article  exists  in  Stewart 
county,  but  whether  of  sufficient  quantity  to  be  of  value  beyond 
local  use  has  not  been  ascertained. 

Potter's  clay  is  abundant,  and  the  best  of  ware  can  be  made 
from  that  found  in  Carroll,  Henry  and  Madison  counties. 
These  have  all  been  opened  to  sufficient  extent  to  show  that  they 
exist  in  large  quantity  and  have  all  been  tested  as  to  qualitv. 
The  beds  are  located  near  to  transportation  on  great  trunk  lines, 
hence  are  available  for  shipment  abroad,  or  aflford  facilities  for 
transporting  their  ware  if  manufactured  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
.beds. 

Good  glass  sand  is  found  at  several  points  in  the  State,  esj^c- 
cially  in  that  part  west  of  the  Tennessee  River,  but  so  far  none 
has  been  shipped.  A  deposit  near  Knoxville  was  once  used  at 
that  place  in  making  glass.     Good  building  sand  is  abundant. 

Lime  burning  is  carried  on  at  various  pciuts  in  the  State,  and 
that  article  is  furnished  of  as  good  quality  and  at  as  low  average 
price  as  in  any  section  of  the  Union. 

Lithographic  stone  has  been  found  in  McMinn,  Jefferson, 
Clay  and  Overion  counlies.     That  in  McMinn  was  worked  a 


50  IIAM»-i:()<>K    or   Tr,N'M:Mr-i;R. 

■wliilcbv  some  piirtics  lVi;!u  ( 'iii<'iini!iti ;  ii'i'.v  tlic  <in!y  ([miD'y  workcl 
is  in  Clay  ciiuiity,  wliicli  is  opf  rtitcd  ]»y  Mr.  N.  O.  (jrco^hc^'ar,  of 
Louisville,  Ky.  It  is  said  to  lie  nf  wry  exfcllc-iit  liuality  and 
took  the  fii"st  ])i-eniiuMi  at  tlio  Atlanta  Exposition  in  IHsi. 

Hydraulic  lin)€.stone  is  found  at  various  ])ointH  in  the  State, 
and  has  been  burned  and  Lrround  for  cement.  Probably  the 
most  available  place  for  this  manufacture  is  neui-  ("liilon, 
"Wayne  county,  iinmediately  on  the  Tennessee  River.  A  manu- 
factory was  established  here  just  beibre  the  war  and  the  cement 
made  is  said  to  have  been  of  the  best  quality.  Tlie  locality  is 
certainly  conveiiier.tto  cheap  transportation. 

Sulphate  of  baryta,  or  "  barytes,"  as  it  it  is  connnonly  called, 
is  very  n,bundant  in  Tennessee.  It  can  be  found  throughout  the 
length  of  Chilhowee  Mountain,  and  at  various  points  in  the 
dolomite  ridges  of  the  East  Tennessee  valley.  It  is  associated 
with  lead  ore  in  Roaue,  Bradley  and  Loudon  counties.  It  has 
been  mined  at  AVhetwell,  on  the  North  Carolina  branch  of  the 
East  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  Railroad,  and  near  Greeue- 
ville,  on  the  main  line,  and  a  considerable  quantity  shipped 
therefrom,  but  the  work  is  noAV  suspended.  It  has  no  legitimate 
use  in  the  arts  or  manufactures,  but  is  used  entirely  as  an  adul- 
terant of  various  white  substances. 


Petroleum, 


Coii.si<leral)le  search  lias  been  made  in  Tennessee  for  Petroleum  ; 
at  some  points  -witli  riicccss,  at  others  the  result  -was  utter  fiiilure. 
All  iilonar  th.e  -western  foot  of  the  Cumberland  Table  Lands  and 
circling  the  3[iddle  Tennessee  Basin,  on  all  sides  is  a  belt  of 
country,  the  geoh):rical  basin  of  which  is  such  as  to  warrant  that 
there  Petroleum  may  be  found.  At  various  localities  in  this  belt 
petroleum  oozes  through  cracks  in  the  strata,  but  these  are  by  no 
means  reliable  indications  of  where  a  well  shoitld  be  bored  as 
the  petroleum  may  have  come  up  between  layers  of  rock  from  a 
reservoir  far  distant.  Wells  vrere  many  j'ears  ago  sunk  in  Over- 
ton and  Fentress  counties  and  large  quantities  of  oil  obtained, 
but  they  have  long  since  been  abandon_od  for  v,ant  oi  proper 
trausp>ortatioii.  More  than  10,000  barrt^  of  oil  Avere  obtained 
from  these  wells.  Several  Avells  were  bored  in  Dickson  county 
and  about  500  barrels  of  oil  obtained.  From  the  record  of  the 
strata,  throug-i  which  tlie  boring  was  made  it  appears  that  a  good 
quaiitiiy  of  oil  might  ])e  obtained  in  that  region. 


Tn\(BER, 


Few  (States  of  t lie  riiioii  li:;ve  a  lai-ger  projtoi-tioiiuto  area  of 
valuable  timber  lands  than  Tennessee.  Of  her  twenty-six  inil!- 
iiin?  of  aeres  of  territory,  only  about  nine  millions  are  in  cultiva- 
tion, leaving  seventeen  million  acres,  nearly  all  of  which  is  more 
or  lew  densely  covered  with  valuable  timber.  If  we  deduct  one 
million  acres  for  un[)roductive  portions,  and  I  am  sati.sfied  that  this 
is  more  than  the  just  })rot)(n-tion,  we  a\  ill  still  havesixtecn  millions 
of  aeres  of  timber  land,  much  of  which  has  been  but  slightly,  if 
at  all,  disturbed  by  the  woodman's  axe.  If,  in  cninection  with 
this  vast  area,  we  consider  the  great  variety  of  our  valualile  woods, 
we  cannot  fail  to  see  that  in  her  forests  alone  Tennessee  possesses  an 
element  of  wealth  which  is  by  no  means  contemptible.  In  the 
past  history  of  our  State,  outside  of  a  few  localities,  compara- 
tively little  value  has  been  attached  to  the  timber  contained  in 
our  forests,  but  within  the  last  few  years  it  ha.-f  rapidly  appre- 
ciated in  value,  and  is  fast  becoming  a  source  (if  very  considera- 
ble revenue  to  the  jjcoplc  of  Tennessee. 

In  the  number  of  species  aiid  varieties  of  trees,  Tenne.ssee  is 
probably  not  sur])assed  by  auy  State  in  the  Union. 

I  am  not  aware  that  there  has  ever  been  made  a  full  catalogue 
of  all  the  trees  of  our  forests,  but  the  following  may  be  men- 
tioiud  :  (^aks  of  many  varieties,  including  th^  red  oak,  black 
oak,  white  oak,  post  oak,  water  oak,  pin  oak,  chestnut  oak, 
blackjack  oak,  &q.,  yellow  and  blue  poplar,  yellow*  and  white 
pine,  black  and  Avhite  walnut,  hai'd  and  soft  maple,  balsam  anil 
black  iir,  white  and  blue  asli,  beech,  birch,  chestnut,  red  cedar, 
dogwood,  buckeye,  cottouwood,  sycamore,  catalpa,  cypress,  wild 
cherry,  elms  of  several  varieties,  linn,  black  and  honey  locust, 
hickory  of  a  half  dozen  varieties,  pecan,  mulberry,  sassafras, 
hotly,  paw  paw,  persinniuni,  sweet  gum,  black  gnni,  tupelo  gnn\, 
cncuniber,  black  and  red  baw,  plum,  crab  apple,  service,  sour- 
wood,  wahoo,  willow,  box  elder,  hemlock,  itc.t'Jrc.  It  is  unnec- 
essary specifically  to  descri  I  .  valuable  arc 
generally  well  known.  . 

Of  these  the  oaks  abound  throughout  the  State.     The'pines  are 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  53 

abundant  in  many  portioiL--  of  East  Tennessee,  in  the  eouthwest- 
ern  part  of  Middle  Tennessee,  and  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
West  Tennessee.  Pophir  is  abundant  in  portions  of  East  Ten- 
nessee, in  the  hilly  and  undulating  |)arts  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
and  is  very  generally  ditfused  in  West  Tennessee.  Hemlock  is 
confined  to  the  mountains  of  East  Tennessee.  The  maples  grow 
in  all  sections  of  the  State.  Ash  and  beech  are  found  in  every 
division.  Cottonwood  is  generally  confined  to  the  river  valleys, 
cypress  to  the  marshy  lands  in  West  Tennc-ssee,  hickory  almost 
everywhere,  sweet  gum  most  al)undant  in  the  valleys  of  Middle 
and  West  Tennessee;  black  walnut  within  reach  of  transportation 
is  becoming  scarce.  The  chestnut  oak,  so  valuable  for  its  bark 
for  tanning  purposes,  is  abundant  on  the  high  lauds  of  Middle 
Tennessee  and  those  bordering  the  Tennessee  River  on  the  west. 
Red  cedar  is  most  abundant  in  some  portions  of  Middle  Ten- 
nessee, though  found  also  in  East  Tennessee.  For  white  oak, 
poplar  and  sweet  gum,  three  very  valuable  timbers,  portions  of 
West  Tennessee  are  perhaps  unsurpassed  by  any  localities  in  the 
world.  In  the  belt  of  counties  lying  along  the  western  base  of 
the  Cumberland  Mountains  there  is  much  valuable  timber  which 
has  never  been  drawn  upon  except  for  local  use.  The  same  is 
true  in  all  parts  of  the  State  where  transportation  has  not  been 
convenient  and  cheap.  These  timbers  are  now  being  eagerly 
sought  after  by  Northern  manufacturers  and  shippers.  The 
counties  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  aiford  perhaps  the  grandest 
supply  of  poplar  of  any  similar  area  in  the  world.  In  a  single 
county  (Obion)  there  Avere  a  short  time  since  as  many  as  fifty- 
five  mills  in  operation,  with  an  aggregate  production  of  about  a 
million  feet  of  lumber  per  day. 


LAKES,  BAYOUS,  RIVERS  AND  CREEKS, 


In  defcribinji;  the  Mississippi  bottom  I  spoke  of  the  hike«, 
bayous  and  swamps  to  bo  found  in  its  limits.  There  are  a 
number  of  these  which  are  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  demand 
special  description.  'riicin(8t  important  and  the  only  one  which 
I  shall  describe  is  Ueelfoot  l^ake.  This  is  a  body  of  water  about 
eighteen  miles  in  length  and  from  one  to  three  miles  in  width. 
It  lies  within  the  Mississippi  bottom,  in  the  northern  part  i^f  the 
State  and  reaching  a  short  distance  into  Kentucky.  The 
water  over  much  of  tins  area  is  shallow,  though  in  some  places  it 
possesses  great  depth.  Fish  of  many  species  are  found  in  the 
lake  and  wild  fowl  in  c(nintless  numbers  make  it  a  winter  resort. 
Reelfoot  Lake  is  said  to  have  been  formed  by  the  earthquakes  of 
1811.  The  bed  of  Reelfoot  Creek  is  said  to  have  been  filled  up 
«o  as  to  interrupt  the  outflow  of  its  waters  while  the  area  which 
now  forms  the  bed  of  the  lake  is  supposed  to  have  sunk  several  feet 
•below  its  former  level.  The  lake  is  a  gi-eat  place  of  resort  for 
purposes  of  shooting  and  fishing  during  the  later  fall  and  winter 
months.  There  are  numerous  other  lakes  in  the  "  bottom,"  but 
they  are  smaller  and  of  minor  importance. 

Tennessee  has  thi-ee  great  rivers,  which,  with  their  tributaries, 
constitute  three  river  systems.  The  first  of  these  is  the  Mississippi, 
which  washes  the  western  boundary  of  the  State  from  the  north  to 
the  south,  giving  in  its  tortuous  course  several  hundred  miles  of 
river  front,  and  affording  unlimited  means  for  transportation. 
The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  in  Tennessee  are  th« 
Obion,  Forked  Deer  and  Big  Hatchee.  These  streams  are  at 
some  seasons  navigable  for  small  steamers  for  some  distance  from 
their  mouths  and  are  the  avenues  of  considerable  commerce. 
Their  general  direction  is  from  the  southeast  to  the  northwest. 
The  smaller  streams  of  this  system  will  be  noticed  in  speaking  of 
the  counties  o/  West  Tennessee. 

Next  in  point  of  importance  is  the  Tennessee  River,  which 
rises  in  noi-thwestern  Virginia.  Under  the  name  of  HoUton  it 
enters  Tennessee  and  form.s  a  junction  with  the  Clinch  near 
Kingston,  iu  Roane  cmiuty,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  the  Tea- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  00 

nessee.  Befoi-e  reacliing  Kingston  it  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Watauga,  the  Kola  Clmcky,  the  French  Broad,  the  Little  Ten- 
nessee and  other  streams  which  have  their  ultimate  sources  in  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina.  The  Clinch,  which  also  rises  in 
Virginia,  receives  the  waters  of  a  number  of  conflucnt.s,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  Powell's  Kiver,  Pursuing  a  general  south- 
western course,  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Ocoee  and  Hiwassee 
-and  reaches  Chattanooga,  where,  cutting  through  Walden's 
Ridge,  it  reaches  the  Seijuatehee  Valley,  j-eceives  the  waters  of 
•*Sequatchee  River  and  soon  crosses  the  State  line  into  Alabama. 
In  its  course  through  Alabama  its  most  important  confluent  is 
Elk  River,  which  comes  from  Tennessee.  Reaching  the  Missis- 
sippi border  and  forming  for  a  short  distance  the  boundary 
between  Alabama  and  ^Iississi]>pi,  it  again  enters  Tennessee  and 
pursues  a  general  northerly  course  entirely  across  the  State  into 
Kentucky  where  it  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  Paducah.  In  this  latter 
course  through  Tennessee  its  most  important  tributaries  are  Duck 
River  from  the  east,  and  Big  Sandy  from  the  west.  From  the 
head  waters  of  the  Holston  this  stream  is  1,100  miles  long,  and 
has  a  drainage  area  of  40,000  square  miles,  embracing  parts 
of  seven  States. 

From  Paducah  to  the  Alabama  State  line  Tennessee  River  Ls 
navigable  for  steamers  at  all  stages.  Thei'e  is  a  series  of  obstruc- 
tions or  shoals  in  Alabama  which  prevent  the  passage  of  boats, 
except  during  a  favorable  stage  of  water.  A  canal  is  now  being 
constructed  around  these  shoals,  supported  by  appropriations 
made  by  Congress.  This,  with  the  other  improvements  which 
are  being  made  above  this  point,  it  is  hoped  will  soon  give  unin- 
terrupted navigation  to  Kingston  for  the  entire  year.  In  a  good 
stage  of  Avatcr  boats  can  ascend  to  Knoxville,  and  even  pass  up 
some  of  the  larger  tributaries  beyond  that  city. 

The  Cumberland  River,  which,  with  its  trilnitaries,  con- 
stitutes the  third  system,  takes  its  rise  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Kentucky.  It  entei-s  Tennessee  in  Clay  County,  and  pursues  a 
very  tortuous,  though  generally  southwest,  course  to  Carthage,  ia 
Smith  (Jounty  ;  thence  more  westwardly,  and  again  southwest  to 
Nashville.  Fi-om  Nashville  to  Clarksville,  its  general  course  is 
northwest.  At  Clarksville,  it  again  turns  to  the  southwest,  but 
once  more  turns  northwest,  and  crossing  the  State  line,  re-enters 
Kentucky,  ajid  finally  pours  its  waters  into  the  Ohio  at  Smith- 
land.  In  its  course  through  Tennessee,  its  principal  tributaries 
are,  from   the  eastern  and  soutliern  side,  the  Obed,   Roaring, 


66  HAND-ItOOK    (M'    TENNEPPKE. 

Cancy  Fork  find  ll:n-]tcib  'ivci-g.  From  the  north,  the  con- 
fluents arc  lct58  importiuit,  the  chief  one  being  ]{(.<\  Kiver.  The 
(■umberland  is  about  650  miles  in  lenj^tli.  Of  this  distance, 
nearly  G0()  miles  are,  or  can  be  made  navi<:;ahle.  Improvements 
are  now  in  progress  which  it  is  hoped  will  remove  ^ome  of  the 
difficulties  and  add  immensely  to  the  already  great  value  of  this 
Btream  as  a  medium  for  the  transportation  of  the  varied  and 
valuable  products  of  the  section  tiiroutrh  which  it  flows. 

Besides  these  principal  rivers,  are  many  smaller  rivers  and 
creeks,  which  traverse  every  section  of  the  State,  affording,  in 
many  cases  navigation  for  keel  and  flat  boats,  and  furnishing 
water-power  sufficient  to  drive  a  vast  amount  of  machinery.  On 
these  smaller  streams  are  numerous  cataracts,  some  of  which 
possess  great  beauty.  The  great  majority  of  these  smaller 
streams  arc  fed  by  perennial  springs,  and  consequently  the 
streams  are  unfailing. 


RAILROADS, 


The  East  Tennes&^ee,  Virgiuia  &  Georgia  Railroad  system 
commences  at  Bristol,  on  the  Virginia  line,  Avhere  it  connects 
with  the  Norfolk  &  Western  to  Eichmond  and  Norfolk,  Va.,  and 
north  to  Washington  City  and  New  York.  From  Bristol  the 
main  line  extends  through  Knoxville  and  Cleveland  to  Chatta- 
nooga, from  Cleveland,  Tenn.,  via  Dalton,  and  Rome,  Ga.,  and 
Selma,  Ala.,  to  Meridian,  Miss.,  and  from  Rome  Ga.,  via  Atlanta 
and  Macon  to  the  sea  at  Brunswick,  Ga.  It  also  has  the  jSlem- 
phis  &  Charleston  R.  R.  from  Chattanooga  to  Memphis  leased, 
and  has  branches  from  Knoxville  to  the  Kentucky  line,  connec- 
ting with  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  to  Louisville,  and  the  Ke»- 
tucky  Central  to  Cincinnati ;  also  a  branch  from  Morristown  to 
Paint  Rock,  on  the  North  Carolina  line,  where  it  connects  with  the 
Western  North  Carolina  Railroad,  which  extends  through  North 
Carolina  to  the  sea  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  and  Norfolk,  Va.,  and 
by  connecting  roads  in  South  Carolina,  also  reaches  Charleston 
and  Columbia.  The  total  mileage  directly  under  its  control  is 
1,432  miles,  but  it  is  vii'tually  under  the  same  managtment  as  the 
Norfolk  &  Westorn  and  the  Shenandoah  Valley  roads  in  Vir- 
ginia, thus  making  a  total  of  2,170  miles;  and  by  a  contract  with 
the  Louisville  &  Nashville,  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Geor- 
gia cars  go  into  New  Orleans  over  the  trai-k  of  that  road.  Thus 
there  is  a  continuous  track  laid  for  the  saviie  car  from  Washing- 
ton to  New  Orleans,  virtually  under  the  same  control. 

The  length  of  the  line  of  this  road  from  Bristol  to  Chattanooga 
is  242  miles,  from  Cleveland  to  Dalton  30  miles,  about  10  of  it  in 
Tennessee,  an.l  fi-om  Ooltov»'ah  to  Rod  Clay  12  liiiles— all  in  Ten- 
nessee. The  01- io  Division,  from  Knoxville  to  the  Kentucky 
line,  is  58  miles  long,  and  the  North  Carolina  Division,  from 
Morristown  to  Paint  Rock,  is  45  miles  in  length. 

The  main  line  commences  at  Bristol,  in  the  county  of  Sulli- 
van, and  passes  southwest  from  that  county  through  cue  corner 
of  Carter,  the  center  of  Washington,  touching  Lhe  towns  of  Jones- 
boro,  Telfords  and  Limestone,  diagonally  through  the  northern 
part  of  Greene,  touching  Fullens.  Home,  Greeneville  and  Mid- 


58  ITA.N'l)nO(-)K    OF    TKNNFoS.'SKr:. 

way,  directly  tliroiijili  tli<^  cMinity  of  Iliiinhlen,  toiicliing  Rogers- 
ville  Junction,  \vhcrt!  it  (Ujnuects  v.itli  a  road  to  Kojrorsviilp,  and 
the  center  of  the  fertile  county  of  Hawkins,  the  great  niarblo 
])rodiu-ing  region,  thence  through  the  northern  part  of  JfflIVr8on, 
tQuching  Talbott'.s,  Mossy  ('reek,  New  Market,  Strawberry 
Plains  into  the  heart  of  Knox  and  t'>  Knoxville,  also  touching 
McMillan's,  Kbenczor  and  Concord,  thence  through  the  county 
of  Loudon,  the  e<lge  of  Monroe,  of  McMinn,  to  Cleveland  in 
Bradley,  and  through  .lames  to  Chattanooga,  in  Hamilton 
county,  passing  through  the  flourishing  towns  of  Loudon,  Sweet- 
water, Athens,  Riceville,  Charleston  and  Ooltewah,  and  the 
manufacturing  village  of  Lenoir.  The  Ojiio  Division  pae^ea 
through  Anderson  and  Campbell  counties  and  the  towns  of 
Powell,  Haskell,  Clinton,  Coal  Creek  and  Carey villc — the  last 
two  mining  towns.  The  North  Carolina  Division  pa.ssca  through 
"Witts,  White  Pine,  Leadvale,  Newport,  Whitwell  and  Wolf 
Creek. 

The  principal  officevS  of  this  company  are  at  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
The  officers  are :  Pres-ident,  Samuel  Thomas,  New  York  City ; 
First  Vice  President,  C.  M.  McGhee,  Kuoxvillle;  Second  Vice 
President  and  General  Manager,  Henry  Fink  ;  General  Superin- 
tendent, Jno.  F.  O'Brien,  Knoxville';  Superintendent,  ^fain  Line, 
F,  K.  Huger,  Knoxville ;  J.  R.  Ogden,  General  Passenger  and 
Freight  Agent. 

Louisville,  Nashville  and  Great  Southern.  This  road 
originates  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  but  its  main  line  terminates  in  the 
State,  and  by  its  branches,  leased  and  controlled  lines,  it  extends 
across  and  over  a  large  part  of  Tennessee.  The  main  line  is 
from  Louisville  to  Nashville,  185  miles,  with  a  branch  from 
Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  to  Memphis.  But  the  system  of  roads  it 
operates  extends  to  Mobile.  Pensacola  and  New  Orleans,  and  it 
controls,  but  does  not  directly  operate  to  Chattanooga,  Atlanta 
and  Savannah. 

The  entire  line  of  road  under  its  operation  in  the  State  is 
377  miles,  and  consists  of  the  main  line  from  the  Kentucky 
boundary  to  Nashville,  the  Nashville  and  Decatur  roads  to 
Alabama  ;  the  Nashville  and  Florence,  and  the  Memphis  branch 
from  Guthrie  to  Memphis.  The  main  line  enters  the  State  in 
Sumner  County,  and  thence  into  Davidson  to  Nashville,  passing 
through  the  thriving  town  of  (rallatin.  The  Memphis  branch 
ent<>rs  the  State  in  the  county  of  Montgomery,  and  paasing 
through   its  center,  and  the  beautiful  and  flourishing  city  of 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TEXXE.-SEE,  59 

Clarksville,  toviches  a  comer  of  Stewart ;  pas.-es  thnough  the 
northern  part  of  Houston  and  Benton,  goes  directly  through 
Henry  and  the  town  of  Paris,  its  county  seat ;  through  the 
northAvest  corner  of  Carroll,  the  southeast  corner  of  Gibson  and 
Crockett,  through  the  center  of  Haywood  and  the  city  of 
Brownsyille ;  through  a  corner  of  Fayette  and  through  Shelby 
to  Memphis.  At  McKenzie,  it  connects  with  the  Nashville, 
Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad;  at  Milan  v.ith  the  Chicago^ 
St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans,  and  at  Humboldt  with  the  Mobile 
and  Ohio  Railroad.  At  Guthrie,  it  connects  v.ith  the  St.  Louis 
and  Southeastern  Road,  on  the  north  to  Eyansyille,  and  on  the 
south  for  Nashville.  It  passes  through  the  thriving  towns  of 
Paris,  McKenzie,  Milan,  Humboldt,  Gadsden,  Bells,  Stanton, 
Mason  and  Galloway.  The  St.  Louis  and  Southeastern  Road 
enters  the  State  at  Guthrie,  and  passes  through  the  county  of 
Robertson  and  its  county  seat,  Springfield,  into  Davidson 
to  Nashville.  The  Nashville  and  Decatur  road  passes  from 
Davidson  County  through  the  center  of  the  counties  of 
Williamson,  Maury  and  Giles  into  Alabama,  touching  the  towns 
of  Franklin,  Columbia  and  Pulaski,  and  traversing  the  finest 
agricultural  region  of  the  State.  The  Nashville  and  Flor- 
ence Road  extends  from  Columbia  to  Sandy  Hook  Station, 
at  the  foot  of  Highland  Rim,  about  twenty  miles,  and  ia  being 
continued  into  Lawrence  County. 

The  officers  of  this  road  are.  President,  C.  C.  Baldwin,  New 
York  City;  1st  Vice-President,  E.  P.  Alexander,  Louisville; 
2d  Vice-President,  G.  A.  Washington,  Nashville ;  General 
Manager,  F.  DeFuniak,  Louisville;  General  Superintendent  and 
Master  Transportation,  D.  T.  C.  Rowland,  Louisville  ;  General 
Passenger  Agent,  .C.  P.  Atmore,  Louisville ;  Superintendent 
Nashville  and  Decatur  Division,  J.  Geddes,  Nashville. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  exteuds  from  Chat- 
tanooga to  Hickman,  Ky.  The  entire  length  of  the  line  is  821 
miles.  For  the  purpose  of  getting  a  good  passage  through  the 
Cumberland  Mountain,  this  line  deflects  out  a  general  south- 
west course  from  Chattanooga,  and  runs  for  a  short  distance  in 
the  State  of  Alabama,  and  to  reach  the  terminus  on  the 
Mississippi,  a  few  miles  are  in  Kentucky.  At  Hickraau,  it 
connects  with  the  Iron  Mountain  Road  to  St.  Louis  ;  at  Union 
City,  with  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Road;  at  Paducah  Junction, 
with  the  Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  Southwestern  ;  at  Martin  with 
the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  Road  ;  at  McKenzie 


60  IIAND-I'.OOK    OK    TKNNEPSKE. 

Avitli  tlu"  Mciiipliis  brancli  of  tlie  J^<jui.<ville  &  Naj-livillo;  at  Nash- 
ville with  the  Louisville  it  Xasliville  .system  north  and  .south  and 
at  Chattanooj^a  with  tlie  niinicrous  roads  converj^ing  at  that  city 
froiii  all  .scction.s  of  the  country.  The  company  controls  and 
operates  the  following  branches:  Ja.sper  Branch,  from  Bridge- 
port to  South  I'ittsburg,  Jat-per,  Victoria  and  other  points  in 
Se(iiiatchce  Valley,  22  miles  ;  Fayetteville  Branch  from  Decherd 
to  Fayetteville,- 40  miles;  there  connecting  with  the  Duck  River 
narrow  gauge  to  Columbia  ;  Shclbyville  Branch,  fi'om  Wartrace 
to  Shelby ville,  eight  miles;  McMiunville  Branch,  from  Tul- 
lahoma  to  Rock  Island  on  Caney  Fork  River,  35  miles,  and 
being  rapidly  comjileted  to  Sparta  ;  the  TeniLse^ee  and  Pacific 
from  Nashville  to  Lebanon,  CI  miles,  and  the  Nashville  and 
Tuscaloosa  from  Dickson  to  Centerville  in  Hickman  County,  32 
miles.  This  road  is  a  narrow  gauge,  and  is  being  steadily  con- 
tinued southward. 

This  road  pas.ges  through  more  counties  than  any  other  road 
in  the  State,  and  is  essentially  a  Tennessee  road.  Though  nom- 
inally controlled  by  the  Louisville  &  Nashville,  its  actual  man- 
agement is  entirely  distinct.  The  main  line  and  branches  pass 
through  from  Chattanooga  and  Hamilton  county,  and  the  follow- 
ing counties  :  Marion,  Franklin,  Lincoln,  Coffee,  Bedford,  War- 
ren, Rutherford,  Davidson,  Wilson,  Cheatham,  Dickson,  Hick- 
man, Humphreys,  Benton,  CaiToll,  Weakly  and  Obion. 

Abug  its  lines,  the  following  are  the  principal  towns  and 
cities:  Chattanooga,  Jasper,  ]\Ianchester,  Fayetteville,  Tulla- 
homa,  McMinnville,  Shelby vilie,  Murfreesboro,  McMiun,  Dick- 
son, Centerville,  Waverly,  Camden,  Huntingdon,  McKenzie, 
Di-esdeu  and  T'niou  City. 

The  principal  officers  of  this  company  are  located  at  Nash- 
ville. Its  officers  are :  President,  Jas.  D.  Porter ;  General 
Manager,  F.  DeFuniak  ;  General  Superintendent,  J.  W.  Thom- 
as ;  General  Freight  Agent,  Geo.  R.  Knox  ;  General  Passenger 
Agent,  W.  L.  Danlcy  ;  Agent  of  Chattanooga,  J.  L.  McGoilum. 

The  Memphis  &  Gharlcsion  Railroad  extends  by  its  onyu  line 
from  Memjihis  to  Stevenson,  from  whence,  by  lease,  it  runs  into 
Chattanooga  over  the  line  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad.  It  is  now  consolidated  with  the  East  Tennessee, 
Virginia  &  Georgia  Railroad.  This  road  has  a  bi-anch  from 
Moscow  to  Somerville.  From  Memphis  and  Shelby  county,  it 
passes  through  Fayette,  Hai'deman  and  ^IcNairy  counties  into 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNIvSSEK.  61 

Alabama  and  does  not  again  reach  Tennessee  until  after  its  unioa 
with  the  N.  C.  &  8t.  L.  E.  R. 

R.  B.  Peagrani,  jr.,  Memphis,  is  Superintendent  of  this 
division  of  the  East  Tennessee  Virginia  &  Georgia  systein. 

Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans  Railroad  enter?  the  State 
from  Kentucky  in  Obion  county,  passses  through  Weakly,  (Tib- 
sou,  Madison,  and  Hardeman  into  Mississip})i.  ( )n  the  north 
it  extends  to  St.  Louis  and  Chicago,  and  on  the  south  to  Kew 
Orleans.  The  length  of  the  line  in  this  State  is  112  miles.  It 
connects  at  ^.lartin  with  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St. 
Louis  road,  at  Milan  Vi-ith  the  Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville 
&  Nashville,  at  Jackson  with  the  Mobile  tt  Ohio,  and  at  Grand 
Junction  with  the  Memphis  &  Charleston. 

The  principal  towns  through  which  it  })asses  in  Tennessee  arc 
Martin,  Milan,  Jackson  and  Bolivar.  Its,  principal  offices  are 
located  at  New  Orleans.  Its  principal  officers  are  Jas.C.  Clark, 
Vice  President  and  General  Manager ;  D.  B.  Morey,  General 
Freight  Agent,  and  J.  W.  Coleman,  General  Passenger  and 
Ticket  Agent. 

The  Mobile  «.■.  v^a  /  lUiilroad  extends  iVuni  JMubile  to  Colum- 
bus, Ky.,  where  it  connects  to  St.  Louis  by  the  Iron  Mountain 
road,  and  to  Chicago  by  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans. 
It  enters  the  State  from  Kentucky  in  Obion  county,  near  Union 
City, .  and  passes  through  Gibson,  Madison  and  McNairy  into 
Mississippi,  having  a  length  in  this  State  of  112  miles.  It  con- 
nects at  Union  City  with  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St. 
Louis  ;  at  Rive.=;  with  the  Chesapeake,  Ohio  &  Southwestern ;  at 
Humboldt  with  the  J.Iemphis  branch  of  the  Louisville  &  Nash- 
ville ;  at  Jackson  with  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans, 
and  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  with  the  Memphis  &  Charleston. 

The  principal  offices  are  at  Mobile,  and  the  officers  are  :  W. 
Butler  Duncan,  President ;  A.  L.  Rives,  Vice  President  and 
General  Manager,  and  (  .  i.  \V::lker,  General  Freight  and  Pas- 
senger Agent. 

Chesapeake,  Ohio  Sz  ^;nitl!W!^f-t':^rn  Knilrof.d  extends  from 
Paducah,  Ky..  i        ■  Tho 

completed  line  i.-  H'!;i;  i':;;;iu;:iu  ui  .'srv.  ocr;!,  i '.iiii.,,  o.>  huics,  of 
which  86  is  in  Tennessee;  on  the  Memphis  end  it  is  completed 
from  Jklemphis  to  Covington,  87  miles.  It  connects  at  Paducah 
with  steainers  oil  the  Ohio  and  Tennessee  Rivers,  and  with  the 
Elizabetlitoii  &  Paducah  road  for  Louisville  and  the  East ;  at 
Fulton  v.ith  the  Cliicago,  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans  road:  at  Pa- 


C2  IIAND-IiOOK    OK    TICXN1X8KIC. 

diU'iili  Juiictii-n  with  tlic  Isualivillo,  Cljatl:iuu)'»gu  it  St.  L'»iii.s, 
and  :it  Tiivcv  witli  tlie  iMt^bile  A  Ohio  road. 

The  officers  are:  C.  P.  Iliuitington,  Provident;  P.  (Jore,  Su- 
perintendent;    Itohert  Weeks,  General  Manatjer, 

Cincinnati,  New  Orleans,  Texas  and  Pacific  Railroad  extends 
from  Cincinnati  to  Vicksl)urg,  Miss.,  and  thence  to Sin-tjvepfirt,  La., 
by  road  being  constructed  ;  also  from  Meridian.  Miss.,  to  New  Or- 
leans by  road  now  being  construct erl.  I'rom  Cincinnati  to  Mr.u- 
roe,  Ija.,  to  wliicli  point  the  road  is  n(tw  eonn)letc(i,  tr.o  distance  is 
84')  mileB.  The  same  mai.agement  is  also  constructing-  a  road 
from  Eur.aw,  Aln.,  to  ^[eniphis.  The  part  of  the  line  in  tliis 
Stafee  Avas  formerly  kn.own  as  the  Cincinnati  .Southern  liailway, 
and  is  consolidated  by  lea-)e  with  the  Alabama  Greai  Soutliern. 
The  length  of  track  in  Tennessee  is  108  miles.  It  comes  into 
the  State  from  Kentucky  in  the  county  of  Scott,  passes  through 
that  county,  Morgan,  Roane,  Rhea  and  Hamiitou  to  Chatta- 
nooga ;  thence  by  the  Alabama  Great  Soutliern  it  passes  into 
Alabama.  It  will  probably  be  the  great  coal  and  mineral  road 
of  the  State  and  of  the  South.  It  cnnjiects  at  Oakdale  Junc- 
tion with  the  Walden's  Ridge  Railroad  to  Oakdale  Furnace  and 
Winter's  Gap ;  at  Rockwood  v.'ith  the  Roane  County  NarroAS'- 
Gauge  to  the  Tennessee  River ;  at  Spring  ('ity  with  the  Se- 
quatchce  Valley  Railroad,  and  at  Chattanooga  witii  the  numer- 
ous raih'oad  lines  ccjitering  at  that  city. 

The  principal  office  is  at  Cincinnati.  'I'hc  (i+licers  are  :  Presi- 
dent, Theodore  Cook  ;  Vice-President  and  Genoi-al  ^Manager, 
John  Scoit ;  Sui«n*intc'ii(1o!:t,  Ci'oil  Flcir.in'^- :  (IfiunLl  Passenger 
Agent,  C.  1'.  Wilson. 

The  Duck  River  Valley  Railroad  is  a  narrow-gauge,  extend- 
ing from  Columbia  to  Fayettcville,  at  which  ]K)int  it  connects 
with  the  Fayetteville  Branch  of  the  Nashville,  Ciiattanooga 
and  St.  Louis  Road.     Superintendent,  George  Childross. 

The  Rogersville  and  Jeifersoii  Railroad  extends  from  Rogei-s- 
ville  Junction,  on  the  East  ♦Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia 
R6ad,  to  Rogersville,  in  Ha^\■kins  County,  lo  miles.  President, 
H.  M.  Aiken,  Knoxville.     Bul^lness  office  at  Rogersville. 

The  East  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad  is 
a  narrow-gauge  road,  extending  fi'om  Johnson  City,  on  the  East 
Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Road.  I'orty-fivc  miles  to  the 
Cranberry  Iron  jliues  in  North  Carelina.  h  is  almost  wholly 
in  the  county  of  Carter.    The  officers  are  :  .\.  I'ardee,  Jr.,  Presi- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE,  63 

dent,  Philadelpliia,  Pa.;  T.  E.  !IMat.son,  Chief  I^iigineer  and  Su- 
perintendent, Eliza])etl]ton,  Carter  County,  Tenn. 

The  Walden's  Ridge  Kailrciad  is  a  narrow-gauge  ;  extends  from 
Oakdale  Junction,  on  tlie  Cincinnati  Southerri  Road,  neai-^ 
Emery  Gap,  over  the  leased  line  of  the  Oakdale  and  Cumber- 
land ]Mountaiu  Road,  to  Oakdale  Furnace,  and  ihence,  bv  its 
own  line,  to  Winter's  Gap  Coal  Mines.  It  is  a  narrov.-gauge, 
but  the  road  bed  is  graded  for  a  wide  track.  It  is  in  tlie  coun- 
ties of  Morgan  and  Roane.  Tlie  principal  office  is  at  Jenks, 
Roane  County,  Tenn.  The  officers  are :  Presideait,  Jno.  G. 
Scott ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  B.  V.  Jenks. 

The  Roane  County  Narrow-Gauge  is  five  miles  L^ng,  and  ex- 
tends from  the  furnaces  at  Rockwood  to  King's  Creek  P.  O.,  on 
the  Tennessee  River,  where  it  connects  Avith  steamboat  lines. 
General  ^Manager,  PI.  Clay  Evans,  Chattanooga. 

The  Sequatchee  Valley  Railroad  is  in  course  of  construction 
from  Spring  City,  on  the  Cincinnati  Southern,  to  the  Cumber- 
land Plateau  and  across  to  Pikeviile,  in  Sequatchee  Vallev.  It 
is  completed  about  half  the  total  length.  OlSeers  :  President, 
Charles  Clinton  ;  Superintendent,  Isaac  Britton.  Oflices,  Spring 
City,  Tenn, 

The  Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  Company's  Railroad  leaves  the 
Xashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Road  at  Cowan  and  ex- 
tends to  the  company's  coal  miles  at  Tracy  City,  tvvcniy-three 
miles.  It  passes  by  Sev/annec,  the  location  of  the  University 
of  the  South,  and  gives  access  to  the  summer  resorts  on  the 
Cumberland  Table  Land.  President.  J.  C.  Warner;  General 
Manager,  A.  ]M.  Shook. 


Agricultural  Products, 


Tenncrisee  i?<  ^.n  Imppily  situated  gcngrapliically  and  topo- 
gnlphically  that  her  fields  yield,  in  greater  or  less  ahimdanec, 
nearly  every  agricultural  product  kuovvii  to  the  temperate  zones. 
Perhaps  uo  State  in  the  Union  can  surpass  her  in  this  respect. 
The  principal  crops  cultivated  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  l)ar]ey, 
clover,  a  great  variety  of  grasses,  sorghum,  tobacco,  cotton,  pota- 
toes, vegetables  of  all  kinds  and  fruits  in  great  abundance  and 
variety.  It  has  been  truthfully  said  that  were  the  State  surround- 
ed by  an  impassable  barrier,  she  could  produce  witiiin  her  own 
bordei*s  every  essential  to  the  subsistence  of  a  dense  population. 

Hitherto  our  agricultural  methods  have  been  in  the  main 
quite  primitive  in  character,  and  little  attention  has  been  given 
to  fertilization  of  soil  or  to  improved  methods  of  culture. 
With  better  sy.-^tciiis  of  cultivation  and  the  judicious  use  of 
fertilizers,  I  feel  warranted  in  saying  that  the  average  yield  per 
acre  of  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  the  crops  cultivated  in  Tennessee 
may  be  doubled.  There  arc  millions  of  acres  of  uplands  now 
lying  idle  Avhich  may  be  brought  into  cultivation  and  made  to 
yield  remunerative  crops  of  grain  or  grass,  and  much  of  our 
low  land  which,  bv  a  - li-l^.t  rxpense  for  drainage,  can  be  made- 
to  equal  in   ;)rod,;  most  fertile  lands  of  the  world. 

According  to  tii;>  cii-io  Vv  turns  for  1880  the  area  devoted 
to  the  cultivation  of  corn  in  Tennessee  was  2,904,873  acres, 
which  produced  ()2,T0-1,421)  bushels,  being  an  average  of  21.6 
bushels  per  acre.  The  area  devoted  to  wheat  was  1,19(),563 
acres.  The  yield  uf  reported  was  7,3.Sl,oo3  bushels,  being  an 
average  yield  of  (>.12  bushels  per  acre.  Of  rye  the  acreage 
was  32,493  acres,  the  yield  150,419,  and  the  average  4.8  bushels. 

The  area  sown  to  oats  wis  4()S,,'ififi  acres,  which  produced 
4,722,100  bushels,  or  .".  'd  per  acre  of  ten  bushels. 

Of  buckwheat  th--  ■  -^.  which  yielded  33,434 

bushels,  or  6.8  b  .   !.  rley  there  were  2,(i00 

acres,  from  whii^^-l:  ..--luls  \\i  ro  harvested,  or  an  average 

of  ll.T)  li;iv;i<]>  1  \.,  ;l!(.  :,  t-il  population  of  Tennessee 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TKNNKSSEE.  65 

was  1,542,359,  it  will  thus  be  seen  tJiat  forty-two  bushels 
of  the  cereals  were  produced  in  the  State  for  each  miiu,  woman 
and  child  within  her  limits. 

According  to  the  same  retui-ns,  cotton  for  that  year  was 
grown  in  only  twenty-five  of  the  ninety-five  counties  of  the 
State,  the  area  being  722,562  acres,  and  the  yield  being  330,621 
bales,  Shelby  County  being  next  to  the  largest  cotton  producing 
county  in  the  Union.  The  average  yield  per  acre  in  pounds 
for  the  State  was  217  pounds  lint. 

Tobacco  was  grown  in  every  county  in  tlie  State,  the  aggre- 
gate acreage  being  42,532  acres  and  the  yield  29,365,052  pounds; 
being  an  average  of  690  pounds  per  acre. 

For  the  cultivation  of  grasses  the  soil  of  Tennessee  is  well 
adapted.  Blue  grass  grows  s])ontaneously  on  all  our  limestone 
lands.  Timothy,  herds  grass  and  many  varieties  of  wild  grasses 
grow  with  great  luxuriance.  Orchard  grass  does  well  and 
yields  heavy  crops,  giving  excellent  grazing  during  the  winter 
and  early  spring.  Bermuda  grass  yields  rich  pasturage  during 
the  dryest  and  hottest  portions  of  the  year.  Red  clover  gives 
a  bountiful  crop,  making  from  two  to  three  tons  of  excellent 
hay. 

Irish  potatoes  will  grow  from  one  hundred  to  three  hundred 
bushels  per  acre  and  of  good  quality.  Sweet  potatoes  are 
equally  productive  and  are  unsurpassed  as  to  quality.  Melons 
of  all  kinds,  pumpkins,  squashes  and  kindred  products  yield 
largely.  Beans,  peas  and  vegetables  of  nearly  all  kinds  are 
raised  in  great  abundance.  Turnips  grow  to  several  pounds' 
weight.  The  stock  pea  furnishes  heavy  crops  of  forage  and  is 
regarded  by  many  as  being  superior  to  clover  as  a  renovator  ol 
exhausted  soils.  Sorghum  grows  to  great  perfection  and  pos- 
sesses saccharine  properties  in  a  high  degree.  Fruits  of  nearly 
all  kinds  common  to  temperate  climates  thrive  well  in  Tennes- 
see. Peaches,  M'hen  the  orchards  are  judicously  located,  seldom 
fail  to  bear  full  crops  of  delicious  I'ruit.  Apple  orchards,  when 
properly  eared  for,  bear  heavily.  Pears,  plums  and  cherries 
are  successfully  grown  all  over  the  State.  Strawberries  are 
largely  cultivated  at  many  localities  for  distant  markets,  and 
repay  the  care  given  them  with  large  profits.  Blackberries  and 
dewberries  are  indigenous  and  grow  in  great  profusion.  Rasj)- 
berries,  gooseberries,  currants,  etc.,  grow  to  perfection.  In  the 
last  few  years  the  cultivation  of  grapes  is  receiving  much  atten- 
tion in  varioijg  sections  of  the  State.     They  are  successfully 


66  HAND-BOOK    OK    TENXES8EE. 

grown  for  market  and  for  wine,  which  is  made  of  excellent 
quality.  Our  plateau  lands  are  well  adapted  for  this  industry. 
Recently  various  parties  at  different  points  have  been  giving 
attention  to  the  rearing  of  silk  worms,  and  have  met  with 
marked  success,  especially  the  Swiss  colonists  at  Gruteli,  on  the 
Cumberland  Plateau,  and  Mr.  P.  Wallace  McKittrick,  of  Mem- 
phis. The  mulberry,  on  which  they  feed,  thrives  on  all  our 
soils,  and  the  silk  which  they  produce  is  said  to  be  of  the  finest 
quality. 


Climate, 


The  climate  of  Tennessee  is  as  varied  as  her  topography. 
Differences  in  altitude  and  topography  aft'ect  climate  equally 
with  differences  of  latitude.  The  city  of  Vera  Cruz  in  Mexico, 
lies  within  the  tropics  ;  hence,  has  in  point  of  temperature, 
continual  summer,  while  jMount  Orizaba,  no  more  than  seventy- 
five  miles  to  the  westward,  has  perpetual  snow.  We  may  there- 
fore expect  to  find  in  Tennessee,  covering  nearly  two  degrees  of 
latitude,  and  nearly  nine  degrees  of  longitude,  and  varying  in 
its  elevation  by  more  than  6,000  feet,  crossed  by  two  mountain 
ranges,  intersected  by  valleys  and  great  rivers,  a  great  variety 
of  climate.  The  lofty  mountains  of  East  Tennessee  must  neces- 
sarily differ  greath'  in  climatic  conditions  from  the  low  lying 
valleys  of  the  west.  The  valley  of  East  Tennessee  sheltered 
from  the  winds  by  the  surrounding  mountains,  having  an 
elevation  of  1,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  must  necessarily 
differ  from  the  land-locked  basin  of  Middle  Tennessee,  with  its 
lesser  altitude  of  700  feet. 

The  Cumberland  plateau,  with  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet,  has 
a  climate  different  from  the  plateau  or  slope  of  West  Tennessee, 
with  its  varying  altitude  of  from  four  to  700  feet. 

Accordingly,  we  find  a  greatly  diversified  climate,  varying 
in  humidity  and  temperature,  according  to  these  varying  cir- 
cumstances. Observations  reported  by  Prof  Safford  taken  at 
six  different  stations,  show  differences  of  mean  temperature  as 
follows :  Knoxville,  average  mean  for  three  years,  57.03°  ; 
Lebanon,  two  years,  57.76°  ;  Nashville,  five  years,  58.47°  ; 
Glenwood,  twenty-one  years,  56.78°  ;  Memphis,  two  years, 
60.80°. 

Knoxville  is  in  the  valley  of  East  Tennessee  with  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  1,000  feet.  Nashville  in  Middle  Tennessee  with 
an  altitude  of  600  feet,  shows  a  temperature  1.44  higher  than 
Knoxville.  For  the  year  1855,  the  difterence  between  these 
points  was  2.08°.  Glenwood,  near  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  State  for  the  same  year  gave  ^a  mean  temperature  of 
57.34°^  being  2.49°  lower  than  Nashville,  and  a  fraction  Ip-^er 


08  IIAM>-IU)()K    OK    TKNNKHHKIO. 

lluiii  Kiioxvilli'.  'I'liis  (liirciciicc  must  Ix;  tlic  i-e.siilt  of  its  more 
Nortlici-ii  location  as  its  allitmlc  is  100  I'cet  below  that  of 
Nashville,  Memphis,  which  is  in  the  extreme  southwestern 
portion  of  the  State,  for  the  years  IHoH-O,  had  u  mean  of  W).^0, 
hcin;.;;  2.86  higher  than  tliat  of  Nashville  for  the  same  years. 
On  the  Cumberland  table-land,  the  teniperaturw  is  two  to  throe 
degrees  lower  than  in  the  valley  of  East  Tennessee,  four  to  five 
lower  than  in  the  central  basin,  and  from  five  to  six  less  than  on 
Uie  slojjc  of  West  Tennessee.  These  variations  of  temperaturt 
are  sufficient  to  give  rise  to  a  marked  difference  in  the  agricul- 
tural inoducts  of  the  different  sections.  In  West  Tennessee, 
cotton  is  the  leading  staple  cultivated.  Shelby  County  being 
the  second  largest  cotton  producing  county  in  the  Union.  The 
cultivation  of  this  crop  grows  less  as  the  Kentucky  line  is 
apjiroachcd.  In  Middle  Tennessee,  only  a  few  counties  in  the 
southern  part  are  devoted  in  part  to  this  crop,  while  in  East 
Tennessee  it  is  planted  only  in  a  few  counties  on  a  very  small 
scale.  The  cool  and  bracing  atmosphere  of  the  Cumberland 
plateau,  and  of  the  elevated  portions  of  East  Tennessee,  render 
those  parts  of  the  State  delightful  as  resorts  during  the  summer 
heats. 

Of  course  these  variations  in  climate  have,  as  already  shown 
with  reference  to  cotton,  a  decided  effect  in  determining  the 
character  of  the  agricultural  products  of  the  different  sections 
of  the  State,  but  of  this  I  will  speak  more  fully  in  another  place. 

The  growing  season  for  the  various  crops  may  be  computed  by 
the  number  of  days  which  elapse  between  the  last  killing  frost 
in  sjiring,  and  the  first  in  autumn.  From  the  observations  of 
Prof.  Stewart  at  Glenwood,  on  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
State  for  a  period  of  23  years,  the  average  length  of  the  growing 
season  was  189  days.  In  the  southern  pai-t  of  the  State,  obser- 
vation Avould  probably  show  about  200  days  increased  to  210  in 
the  Avestern  portion. 

The  amount  of  rainfall  during  a  year  i-s  a  very  important 
point  in  considering  the  climate  of  a  country.  If  there  be  too 
much,  it  interferes  with  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  while  if  too 
little  the  growth  of  vegetation  is  checked.  In  this,  as  in  other 
respects,  Tennessee  enjoys  a  happy  medium.  According  to  the 
observations  of  Prof.  Stewart,  already  referred  to,  the  average 
annual  rainfall  (including  snow)  for  23  years  was  approximately 
46  inches. 

Snow   occasionallv   fiills    throughout  the  State,   varying     in 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  69 

quantity  from  the  lightest  covering  to  the  earth  to  from  four  to 
six  inches,  and  in  rare  instances  reaching  the  depth  of  12  to  18 
inches.  Except  in  the  mountain  regions  it  seldom  remains  upon 
the  ground  more  than  a  few  days.  Ice  is  sometimes  formed 
from  four  to  ten  inches  in  thickness. 

For  a  period  of  ten  years,  during  which  Prof.  Stewart  has 
furnished  us  a  record  of  the  direction  of  the  prevailing  winds,  it 
appears  that  the  average  number  of  days  during  which  the 
wind  blew  from  different  points  of  the  compass  were  as  follows 
(the  figures  are  given  without  decimals):  North,  120  ;  northeast, 
128;  east,  105;  southeast,  119;  south,  17(>;  southwest,  116; 
west,  75  ;  northwest,  130  ;  calm,  126. 

The  climatic  conditions  of  Tennessee  are'highly  favorable  to 
health  and  longevity,  as  well  as  to  the  physical  and  intellectual 
development  of  the  human  family. 


Live  Stock, 


In  its  adaptation  for  the  rearing  of  stock  Tennessee  is  scarcely 
surpassed  by  any  State  in  the  Union.  The  mildness  of  its  cli- 
mate, both  summer  and  winter,  the  healthfulness  of  its  atmos- 
phere, the  purity  of  its  water,  the  richness  of  its  pastures  and 
the  abundance  of  gcaiu,  make  it  the  Paradise  of  stock  raisers. 
Where  proper  attention  has  been  given  to  breeding,  Tennessee 
can  siiow  as  fine  stock  of  all  the  different  kinds  as  are  to  be 
found  anywhere. 

HORSES. 

According  to  the  census  of  1880  the  number  of  horses  in 
Tennessee  was  2G6.119,  while  the  number  of  mules  and  asses 
was  173,488,  making  a  total  of  439,607.  Many  mules  are  an- 
nually sold  from  Tennessee  to  supply  the  demand  in  States  fur- 
ther south.  These  animals  are  of  good  size  and  form  and  com- 
mand high  prices  in  the  market.  Owing  to  the  advantages 
which  our  State  possesses  they  are  cheaply  raised,  and  add 
largely  to  the  revenues  of  our  people. 

Among  the  horses  of  Tennessee  are  some  of  tlie  finest  speci- 
mens of  the  equine  race.  Representatives  of  all  the  difiei'ent 
breeds  which  are  considered  most  valuable  are  to  be  found  here, 
and  the  fiict  that  when  carefully  bred  here  they  retain  all  their 
original  excellence,  if,  indeed,  they  do  not  attain  a  higher  devel- 
opment, is  proof  conclusive  of  the  adaptation  of  our  soil  and 
climate  for  rearing  animals  of  the  greatest  value.  One  has  but 
to  visit  the  stables  of  some  of  our  prominent  breeders  to  satisfy 
himself  that  Tennessee  horses  are  equal  to  the  best.  The  sales 
at  Gen.  Harding's  stables  of  yearling  colts  at  $4,500  and  $7,500 
each,  attest  the  public  confidence  in  the  value  of  Tennessee-bred 
horses. 

CATTLE. 

The  number  of  cattle  reported  in  1880  was :  Milch  cows, 
303,832;  working  oxen,  27,340;.  other  cattle,  452,462;  total, 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  71 

783,634.  What  may  he  called  our  native  hreed  of  cattle  are 
hardy  and  serviceable  animals.  They  usually  receive  but  little 
care  or  attention.  Their  natural  hardiness  and  the  mildness  of 
our  climate  enable  them  to  endure  our  winters  upon  scanty  feed 
and  often  without  any  sort  of  shelter.  During  the  spring  and 
summer  they  fatten  upon  the  natural  pastures,  requiring  no 
attention  but  an  occasional  portion  of  salt.  When  properly 
fattened  they  make  excellent  beef.  As  \Torking  oxen  on  the 
farm,  their  hardiness,  docility  and  agility  make  them  highly 
valuable.  Among  the  cows  are  many  excellent  milkers,  both 
as  to  the  quality  and  quantity  of  their  milk.  Doubtless  if  they 
were  carefully  and  judiciously  bred  for  a  few  years  their  value 
as  dairy  stock  Avould  be  much  enhanced. 

Of  late  years  much  attention  has  been  given  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  improved  breeds  of  cattle.  The  Shorthorn  finds  a 
congenial  home  upon  our  rich  meadows.  Almost  eveiy  stranger 
who  visited  Knoxville  during  last  year  had  occasion  to  admire 
Col.  Dickinson's  Babies,  as  he  facetiously  termed  two  mammoth 
Shorthorns  reared  by  him.  These  animals  were  ultimately  sold 
for  the  benefit  of  some  charity,  bringing  something  over  twenty 
cents  per  pound. 

The  small,  though  graceful  and  fawn-like  Jersey  cow,  is  at 
home  upon  our  more  hilly  and  broken  pastures,  where  the 
sweeter  herbage  and  grasses  afford  suitable  pabulum  for  the 
delicious  cream  and  butter  for  which  this  fairy  among  bovines 
is  noted.  Both  these  improved  breeds  are  now  widely  dissemi- 
nated, and  by  their  crossing  with  our  native  cattle  are  adding 
greatly  to  the  value  of  our  stock. 

Among  the  improved  breeds  of  cattle  the  Ayrshires  and 
Devons  should  not  be  omitted.  For  some  purposes  and  by  some 
of  our  stock-raisers  these  breeds  are  considered  equal  to  the 
best.     They  all  thrive  well  in  Tennessee. 

HOGS. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  country  in  the  world  better  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  swine  than  Tennessee.  The  number  of  hogs 
reported  in  the  State  in  1880  was  2,158,169,  being  an  increase 
in  the  last  ten  years  of  529,479.  While  this  increase  in  the 
number  of  hogs  has  occurred,  there  has  also  been  a  marked 
improvement  in  value,  from  the  more  general  diffusion  of  im- 
proved breeds,  such  as  Berkshires,  Essex,  Sussex,  Yorkshires, 


72  iiAND-iiooK  OK   ricNNr.sHioi:. 

Poland  Oliiiuis,  Jersey  Rods,  etc.  Willi  tlu;  iiioic  gcmral  cul- 
tivation of  the  grasses  and  clover  and  a  better  system  of  farm- 
ing generally,  there  ui  no  reason  why  the  rearing  of  hcigs  for 
market  should  not  l)i;  largely  increased  and  made  mon;  highly 
reninnerative  than  al  |ir('scnt. 

SHEEP. 

Slieep  husbandry  should  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  branches 
of  farming  in  Tennessee.  Ada])tation  of  soil  and  climate  have 
certainly  placed  it  within  the  power  of  our  peoi)le  to  develoj) 
this  branch  of  industry  to  a  very  profitable  extent.  The  num- 
ber of  sheep  in  Tennessee  in  I'iTO  was  876,783 ;.  in  1880  the 
number  reported  was  only  G7^),117,  showing  a  decrease  of 
204,666  in  ten  years.  This  diminution  in  the  number  of  sheep 
kept  is  doubtless  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  is  practically  no 
legal  protection  for  the  property  of  the  flock-owner  from  the 
ravages  of  vicious  dogs.  Many  sheep  are  annually  killed  by 
these  depredators,  and  farmers  are  thereby  discouraged  from 
this,  which  would  otherwise  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  forms 
of  agricultural  industry.  To  encourage  sheep  husbandry  ^ur 
Legislature  enacted  a  law  exempting  fifty  head  of  sheep  in  the 
hands  of  each  head  of  family  from  sale  by  execution  by  the 
sheriff  for  debt,  but  there  is  uo  law  protecting  them  from  exe- 
cution by  the  remorseless  cur.  A  few  years  ago  the  Legislature 
was  induced  by  the  representations  of  some  of  our  intelligent 
farmers  to  pass  a  law  imposing  a  tax  on  dogs,  which,  for  the 
brief  period  chat  it  remained  on  our  statute  books,  had  the 
eflect  to  largely  decrease  the  number  of  dogs  in  the  country. 
So  great,  however,  was  the  opposition  to  the  law  among  the 
people  that  it  was  repealed  at  the  next  session.  LT^pon  the 
repeal  of  the  law'  the  dogs  again  increased  while  the  sheep  de- 
creased. It  is  gratifying,  however,  to  have  assurances  that  the 
"sober  second  thought"  is  returning,  and  that  Avith  the  growing 
desire  among  all  classes  for  developing  the  resources  oi'  the 
State,  it  will  not  be  long  until  this  industry  will  receive  all  the 
protection  which  legislation  can  give. 

While  the  number  of  sheep  in  the  State  has  largely  decreased, 
it  is  probable  that  the  value  of  the  flocks  is  fully  equal  to,  if 
in  fact  it  does  not  exceed,  the  valuation  ten  years  ago.  This 
is  owing  to  the  propnigation  of  the  more  valuable  breeds  of  this 
animal.     So  far  back  as  1849-50,  through  the  instrumentality 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  73 

of  Mark  R.  Cockrill,  Tennessee  asserted  her  ability  to  compete 
with  the  world  in  the  production  of  the  finest  grades  of  wool, 
having  secured  the  grand  medal  at  the  World's  Fair  at  London. 
Since  that  date  her  reputation  in  this  respect  has  been  fully 
sustained.  More  recently  the  long-wooled  and  mutton  sheep 
have  been  introduced  Avith  success,  and  flocks  are  to  be  found 
which  rival  the  best  of  other  sections. 

POULTRY. 

As  the  population  of  our  cities  increases  and  facilities  are 
given  for  speedy  and  cheap  transportation  to  the  populous  cities 
of  other  States,  the  rearing  of  poultry  for  their  flesh  and  eggs 
is  becoming  a  matter  of  much  interest  and  profit  to  our  people. 
Those  who  pursue  this  business  systematically  find  that  for  the 
small  outlay  of  capital  required,  the  profits  are  liberal.  Our 
favorable  geographical  position  enables  us  to  reap  the  benefits 
of  the  markets  while  our  Northern  neighbors  are  still  fettered 
with  the  frosts  of  winter,  thus  giving  us  the  advantage  of  the 
very  best  markets  v>'ith  comparatively  little  competition.  All 
varieties  of  domestic  fowls  do  well  in  Tennessee. 

BEES. 

Bee  culture  may  be  classed  with  those  sm;ill  industries  which, 
for  the  capital  invested,  often  yield  more  satisihctory  proiits  than 
some  of  more  pretentious  character.  Tennessee,  from  the  mild- 
ness of  its  climate  and  the  great  abundance  and  variety  of  its 
honey-producing  plants,  is  well  adapted  for  bee-keeping.  Al- 
most every  thrifty  farmer  keeps  a  i'ew  colonies  of  bees,  looking 
only  to  a  supply  of  honey  for  domestic  use.  Parties  who  engage 
in  this  business  as  a  specialty  find  it  highly  remunerative.  The 
Italian  bee  has  been  introduced  and  largely  disseminated. 
Where  it  has  been  tried  it  is  a  decided  favorite. 


State  Polity, 


Under  the  Constitution  of  Tennessee  the  powers  of  the  State 
government  are  distributed  between  three  co-ordinate  depart- 
ments, the  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Judicial.  The  chief 
Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  Governor,  chosen  every  two  years 
by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State.  He  is  assisted  in  the 
adminlLJt ration  of  the  government  by  a  Secretary  of  State,  elected 
by  the  legislature  every  four  years :  a  Comptroller,  chosen  by 
the  same  body  every  two  years,  and  a  Treasurer  chosen  for  the 
same  term.  The  Governor  appoints  a  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools  and  a  Commissioner  of  Agi'iculture,  Statistics  and  Mines, 
and  Superintendent  of  Prisons.  The  Governor  also  appoints  a 
Military  Staff,  one  of  whom,  the  Adjutant  General,  acts  as  his 
private  Secretary. 

The  Legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  General  Assembly, 
consisting  of  the  Senate  and  Plouse  of  Representatives,  the 
former  consisting  of  thirty-three,  and  the  later  of  ninety-nine 
members,  who  are  elected  for  two  years  and  hold  regular  biennial 
sessions. 

The  Judicial  power  is  vested  in  Justices  of  the  Peace  and  the 
Judges  of  the  County,  Circuit,  Criminal,  Chancery  and  Supreme 
Courts.  The  latter  is  comi^oscd  of  five  Judges  who  hold  their 
offices  for  eight  years  and  who  constitute  the  court  of  highest 
resort  in  Tennessee.  The  judges  are  all  chosen  by  popular 
election.  The  Sheriffs  and  other  county  officers  are  elected  by 
the  people  for  two  years.  An  Attorney  General  is  also  elected 
for  each  court  having  criminal  jurisdiction,  to  prosecute  on 
behalf  of  the  State  for  crimes  and  misdemeanors.  Punishment 
for  crimes  and  misdemeanors  is  by  fines  and  imprisonment  in 
the  county  jails  and  in  the  State  prison.  The  punishment  of 
death  may  also  be  inflicted  for  capital  oftenccs.  The  Governor 
has  power  to  grant  remission  of  fines,  commutation  of  sentence, 
reprieves  and  pardoa?. 

The  State  Ofiicials  at  present  are:  Alviu  Hawkins,  Governor; 
D.  A.  Nunn,  Secretary  of  State ;  J.  N.  Nolan,  Comptroller; 
Ernest   Hawkins,    Adjutant   General    and    Private    Secretarv. 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  75 

W.  S.  Doak,  Superintendent  of  Schools  ;  A.  W.  Hawkins,  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture,  Statistics,  Mines  and  Immigration ; 
Judges  of  Supreme  Court — Chief  Justice,  J.  W.  Deaderick ; 
Justices — T.  J.  Freeman,  Peter  Turney,.  W.  F.  Cooper  and  W. 
J.  McFarland ;  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  Geo.  H.  Moi'gan  ;  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Re})resentatives,  H.  B.  Ramsey  ;  Attorney  Gen- 
eral for  the  State,  B.  J.  Lea. 


Property  and  Taxation, 


Undei"  tlie  revenue  laws  of  'rciiiiet^.^ce,  nil  prupcrty  (-wiicd  in 
the  State,  excepting  $1,000  Avorth  of  ])crsoii;iIty  iK-lou^iinL'  to 
the  heads  of  fiunilies,  is  subject  to  titxation  for  State  and  c*  ujiiy 
purposes.  The  tax  on  ])ro])erty  levied  by  the  State  is  forty 
cents  on  the  hundred  dollai's"  worth,  ten  cents  of  which  shall 
be  for  school  purposes.  Merchants  pay  ad  valorem  and  ])rivi- 
lege  taxes  amounting  to  seventy  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars' 
worth,  ten  cents  of  which  is  lor  free  scho(ds.  Taxes  are  also 
levied  upon  v  great  number  of  ])rivileges  and  upon  polls,  the 
poll-tax  being  applied  to  school  purposes.  The  county  courts 
are  authorized  to  levy  taxes  for  general  county  purposes  not 
to  exceed  the  State  tax. 

Tlie  total  amount  of  property  (exclusive  of  railroads)  ossesised 
for  taxation  in  1881  was  $225,289,873,  being  an  increase  over 
the  preceding  yeai  of  $13,521,435. 

The  assessed  value  of  railroads*  in  the  State  is  about 
$27,000,000,  which,  added  to  the  i)ro})erty  assessed,  nial:es  an 
aggregate  of  $252,289,87:3.  About  $17,000,000  of  the  railroad 
property  is  now  paying  taxes,  and  the  remainder  will  bo  in  a 
short  time.  In  1880  the  average  value  of  land  in  the  State  as 
assessed  for  taxation  was  six  dollars  per  aci'c. 


■f) 


Public  Roads. 


Until  recently  the  system  of  maintaining  public  roads  in  Ten- 
nessee lias  been  very  imperfect.  Ilecently,  however,  our  laws 
on  this  subject  have  been  radically  changed  and  much  im])roved. 
Under  our  present  law,  each  county  is  divided  into  road  dis- 
tricts, with  three  roiul  commissioners  -for  each  district,  elected 
by  the  county  court.  Tlu'  county  court  of  each  county  as- 
sesses annually  a  road  tax,  which  can  not  be  less  than  Uxo  nor 
more  than  fifteen  cents  on  every  $100  of  taxable  ])roperty  in 
the  county,  and  on  privileges  not  exceeding  one-fourth  the 
assessment  for  county  purposes.  It  also  fixes  the  number  of 
days'  work  Avhicli  the  road  hands  may  be  required  to  perform 
without  compensation  during  tlie  year  upon  public  roads  witliin 
their  respective  districts.  The  road  hands  are,  all  male  citizens 
between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  fifty  years  who  have;  not  been 
excused  for  physical  disability.  Overseers  of  roads  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  commissioners.  A  portion  of  the  road  tax  may 
be  paid  in  work  at  rates  fixed  by  law. 

Under  the  operations  of  this  law  our  public  roads  have  greatly 
improved  during  the  last  twelve  months. 


MANUFACTURING, 


TeniK'Sfjee  possesses  advantages  tor  iDanufarturing  industries' 
wliieh  must  soon  give  her  a  prominent  position  as  a  manufactur- 
ing (State.  Her  abundance  of  coal,  iron,  timber,  and  her  super- 
abundant water  power;  lier  contiguity  to  the  great  cotton  fields 
of  the  South,  taken  in  counection  v\"itli  the  salul)rity  and  mildness 
of  her  climate  stamp  her  as  a  field  well  adapted  for  the  devel- 
opment of  manufacturing  enterprise. 

In  point  of  fact,  notwithstanding  the  unsettled  financial  policy 
of  our  State  nas  for  years  past  greatly  retarded  development  in 
this  direction,  many  enterprises  of  great  practical  utility  have 
been  inaugurated,  and  by  their  success  have  demonstrated  that 
manufactures  in  Tennessee  will  pay. 

Now  that  the  odium  of  repudiation  has  been  lifted  from  our 
State,  w^e  may  confidently  anticipate  that  an  influx  of  capital 
and  of  skilled  labor  will  soon  give  an  impetus  to  manufacturing 
industry  such  as  Tennessee  has  never  before  witnessed. 

So  far  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  Knoxville  are  the 
principal  manuflicturing  points  in  the  State. 


n-l 


Educational 


Tennessee  enjoys  jiecu liar. advantages  foi*  the  higher  education 
of  the  youth  of  both  sexes.  The  following  universities  are 
located  within  her  limits  :  Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville ; 
Tennessee  University,  Knoxville;  Wesleyan University,  Athens; 
Cumberland  University,  Lebanon;  University  of  the  South, 
Sewanee ;  Southwestern  University,  Clarksville ;  Southwestern 
Baptist  University,  Jackson;  Fisk  University  (colored), 
Nashville ;  all  of  which  maintain  a  high  standard  of  scholarship. 

Besides  these  universities,  all  of  which  except  the  University 
of  Tennessee,  at  Knoxville,  are  under  the  care  of  some  one  of 
the  religious  denominations  of  the  country,  there  are  large 
numbers  of  colleges,  collegiate  institutes,  seminaries,  acade- 
mies and  high  schools.  The  University  of  Tennessee  has  an 
Agricultural  Department  under  the  charge  of  Prof.  McBryde, 
which  is  rendering  invaluable  service  to  the  agricultural 
interests  of  the  State.  In  many  localities  good  private  schools 
have  been  maintained  for  many  years  and  have  established  for 
themselves  quite  enviable  reputations. 

Under  the  laws  of  Tennessee,  each  city  aaid  incorporated 
town  has  authority  to  levy  a  tax  for  school  purposes,  and  the 
large  majority  of  them  have  availed  themselves  of  the 
privilege  and  established  graded  schools  of  good  character. 

The  State  has  a  well  arranged  system  of  free  schools,  which 
is  gradually  becoming  efficient  for  the  education  of  the  masses  of 
her  children. 

The  total  expenditure  for  free  schools  in  Tennessee  during  the 
past  year  was  $835,629.22.  The  whole  number  of  free  schools 
taught  in  the  State  during  the  year  was  5,603,  with  an  average 
duration  of  four  months  and  six  days.  The  average  daily 
attendance  upon  these  schools  was  180,509. 

It  is  confidently  anticipated  that  within  a  very  few  years  the 
rapidly  growing  interest  which  is  being  developed  throughout 
the  State  will  give  to  our  free  schools  all  the  efficiency  which 
fhe  friends  of  popular  education  can  desire. 


Churches, 


Nriu'ly  all  ri'li^idus  (U'lKHuiiiatloii.-  kiinwii  in  tln'  riiitcd 
Siatrs  have  ()ru-anizr<l  t^ot-ieliuri  and  al)l('  ministers  in  Tcnuos.scc 
'riic  Methodist  ICjiiseopal  Churcli,  i^outli,  has  throe  annual  con- 
f'crencet5,  mostly  in  Tennessee;  its  nuinhership  within  the  Htate 
is  very  large.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  has  also  three 
annual  conferences.  The  Baptists,  of  different  orders,  are  also 
nuniei-oiis  and  have  many  churches^  and  ministers.  Presl)yteriaiis 
of  the  diiierent  orders,  JOpiscojialians,  C'iu'istian.s  (Camplpellites  i, 
Catholics  and  other  denominations  arc  numerous.  All  have 
valuable  properties  and  iieaily  all  have  denominational  schools. 
.Scareely  a  neirrhborhood  in  the  State  but  ha.s  one  or  more 
churches  conveniently  located,  and  all  are  zealous  in  the  Mastei-'s 
work. 


n 


Benevolent  Institutions. 


The  benevolent  institutions  sustained  by  the  State  are,  the 
Asylum  for  the  Insane,  located  near  Nashville  ;  the  School  for 
the  Blind,  at  Nashville ;  and  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  located  at  Knoxville.  These  institutions  are  supported  by 
liberal  appropriations  from  the  treasury  of  the  State,  and  are 
placed  under  the  control  of  competent  and  faithful  officials. 
Each  coumty  provides  for  its  own  indigent. 


EAST  TENNESSEE, 


TABLE  NO.  1. 

Shoiving  Total  Area  of  each  County,  Quantity  of  Improved  Land 
Average  Value  per  Acre  of  Land  in  the  County,  Pojndation 
and  Value  of  Property  Assessed  for  taxes. 


IX. 


281,600 
179,200 
402,800 
217,000 
250,00 
217,600 
217,000 
345,600 
204,800 
339,200 
96,000 
236.800 
217,600 
364,800 
128,000 
104,800 
249,600 
320,000 
147,200 
320,000 
307,200 
19,200 
320,000 
259,000 
256,  COO 
217,600 
288,000 
409,600 
Sequatchie 140, 800 


Anderon.. 
Bledsoe..., 

Blount 

Bradle J  . . . 
Campbell. 

Caiter 

Claibom.. 

Cocke 

Grainger . 
Greene.... 
Hamblen. 
Hamilton 
Hancock.. 
Hawkins . 

James 

Jefferson. 
Johnson . . 

Knox 

Loudon.. 
Marion  ... 
McMinn. . 

Meigs 

Monroe... 
Morgan ... 

Polk 

Khea 

Koane 

Scott 


Sevier. 

Sullivan 

Unicoi 

Union 

Washington. 


332,800 
256,000 
307,200 
140,800 
224,000 


64,283 
46,375 

100,464 
76,938 
59,905 
47,119 
83.535 
78,971 
89,249 

178,917 
54,693 
55,854 
.53,708 

140,  .503 
33,409 
76,940 
39,623 

172,301 
76.823 
49,646 

111,363 
.52,587 

101.133 
23,006 
38,460 
44,290 
77,345 
33,298 
17,217 
8.5,852 

128,670 
19,297 
63,465 

120,471 


Ave  rage 

value  of  i 

lanrt  per  : 

acre. 

$4  88 

2  16 

4  56 

6  61 

2  69 

3  76 

1  13 

4  80 

6  41 

5  90 

9  34 

8  14 

4  68 

0  20 

4  98 

9  99 

2  25   1 

13  50   1 

8  27 

3  30 

5  98 

7  03 

4  58 

1  52 

3  75   1 

4  73 

8  32    ! 

1  10   i 

1   50 

!        2  95 

1       5  42 

1  70 

1       5  88 

!       6  04 

10,820 

5.618 

15,985 

12,124 

10,005 

10l',19 

13,373 

14,808 

12,384 

24,004 

10,188 

23,042 

9,098 

20,010 

5,187 

1.5,846 

7,776 

39,121 

9,148 

10,911 

15,064 

7,117 

14,283 

5,1.56 

7,269 

7,073 

15,237 

0,021 

2,  .505 

15,541 

18,321 

3,045 

10,201 

16,181 


;  $  907,278 

551,729 

1,505,767 

1,226,584 

722,575 

821,390 

870,969 

1,185,780 

1,153,064 

2,345,843 

933,596 

1,811,240 

483,550 

1,839,. 541 

.520,587 

1,672,499 

480,217 

3,752,686 

1,163,613 

1,110,95^5 

1,634,862 

891,285 

1,669,,990 

557,125 

811,823 

931,984 

1,880,709 

456,547 

240, 122 

1,346,013 

1,530,761 

174,070 

707,  .507 

1,433,125 


LIVE   STOCK    OF  EAST  TENNESSEE. 


TABLE  NO.  2. 
Showing  Total  Number  of  Live  Stock  in  each  County. 


COUNTIES. 

HORSES 

AND 
MULES. 

CATTLE. 

.5,  .588 
6,964 
8,728 
5,283 
7,750 
4,877 
7,137 
8,063 
6,369 
1,498 
4,148 
5,235 
4,689 

11,848 
2,756 
7,127 
4,841 

12,673 
5,439 
6,403 
6,838 
3,698 
8,592 
4,710 
3,795 
4,295 
7,939 
6,216 
2,904 
7,940 
9,525 
2,164 
4,293 
9,565 

SHEEP. 

6,371 
5,937 

11,992 
6,393 
7,156 
5,467 
9,136 
6,561 
6,524 

13,652 
5,467 
4,017 
5,956 

10,856 
2,247 
6,421 
5,766 
9,099 
5,269 
4,588 
8,473 
3,833 
8,212 
5,490 
5,724 
3,666 
6,688 
6,522 
2,470 
9,471 
9,867 
2,784 
5,481 
9,453 

HOGS. 

2,869 
1,502 
4,141 
2,746 
2,135 
1,911 
3,172 
3,181 
3,111 
7,036 
2,240 
2,205 
1,875 
.5,374 
1,268 
4,301 
1,464 
6,836 
2,521 
2,052 
3,396 
2,033 
3,698 
1,071 
1,369 
1,606 
3,526 
1,463 

785 
3,728 
4,936 

703 
2,506 
4,595 

14,008 

Bledsoe 

1.5,890 

Blount  

19,476 

11,242 

Campbell 

15,141 

Carter   

12,830 

Claiborne 

21,182 

Cocke  

22,496 

"Grraiuger 

15,617 

29,778 

Hamblen 

Hamilton   

9,724 
11,323 

12,406 

Hawkins 

22,284 

James 

6,316 

Jefferson 

19,711 

Johnson  

8,4r,G 

Knox 

Loudon  

26,219 
12,303 

Marion  

16,698 

McMinn 

16,276 

Meigs 

10,531 

18,938 

Morgan 

Polk 

Rhea 

Roane 

Scott 

Sequatchee 

Sevier  

13,363 
8,452 
10,774 
17,775 
11,472 
6,961 
19,516 

SuUivan  

20,071 

Unicoi 

Union 

Washington 

6,525 
13,475 
17,653 

Cereal  Products  of  East   Tennessee, 


TABLE  NO.  3. 
Showing  the  Cereal  Productions  of  East  lennessee  by   Coxmties. 


Counties. 


«1 

153 

84 

114 

37 

47 

4,704 

135 

725 

Blount  

13 

Carter 

282 

Cocke 

115 

102 

1,288 

1,906 

Grainger 

Greene 

3,688 
121 

Hamblen 

140 

839 

Hawkins 

73 

James 

Jefferson 

111 

235 

5,132 

284 

Johnson 

Knox 

974 

Loudon  

Marion 

McMinn 

Meigs 

Monroe 

35 
523 
60 
78 
73 
369 

Morgan  .* 

Polk 

Rhea 

Roane  

326 

Scott 

Sequatchie 

Sevier 

15 

1,533 

40 

32 
7,523 

1,283 

221 

4,514 

Sullivan 

Unicoi  

Union 

Washington 

2,658 

iiarlej  vviieat. 


Indian 
Corn. 


396, 95« 
342,240! 
450,011 
337,446 
341,945 
243.906 
496,262 
553,567 
356,128 
719,465 
231,184 
461,070 
292,195 
706,899 
223.701 
506,592 
147,388 
752,559 
319,283 
474,115' 
480,8981 
444,106 
566,356 
11.5,327 
239,224 
362,801 
697,787 
185,646 
14.5,532 
493,885 
550,374 
81,8.52 
319,702 
407,633 


Oats. 

1 
Rye. 

Wheat. 

86,198 

1,208 

44,609 

21,282 

2,405 

18,106 

95,367 

1,027 

110,196 

25,672 

693 

88,961 

68,834 

2,725 

25,549 

51,141 

2,094 

.55,150 

74,921 

2,422 

44,192 

.50.165 

1.901 

94,763 

83,078 

617 

61,. 563 

139,134 

1,237 

237,302 

51,270 

432 

66,057 

45,378 

2,675 

45,925 

41,625 

1.180 

32,189 

117,578 

1,210 

115,636 

15,148 

139 

34,657 

83,035 

445 

125,849 

39,496 

4.906 

31,022 

228,786 

3,162 

227,705 

91,298 

1,212 

90,5.55 

54,. 582 

788 

18,275 

78,372 

1,383 

1W,873 

45,124 

.518 

47,797 

80,793 

1,855 

114,884 

19,490 

4,880 

2,832 

10,505 

1,847 

37,126 

38,650 

851 

31,290 

130,821 

3,248 

.54,276 

23,060 

3,003 

2,297 

6.337 

1,519 

6,735 

53,274 

1,353 

89,499 

111,662 

2.063 

131,319 

22,501 

2,266 

9,365 

62,233 

i       916 

39,208 

109,579 

794 

153, 2©4 

CIVIL  DIVISIONS, 


Tennessee  is  divided  into  East  Tennessee,  Middle  Tennessee, 
and  West  Tennessee.  Each  of  these  divisions  constitutes  a  Fed- 
eral district.  The  Federal  Courts  for  East  Tennessee  are  held 
at  Knoxville  and  Chattanooga  ;  for  Middle  Tennessee,  at  Nash- 
ville, and  for  West  ^Tennessee,  at  Memphis  and  Jackson.  As 
these  divisions  are  in  many  respects  different,  in  giving  a  more 
detailed  description  by  counties,  they  will  be  treated  separately. 


EAST  TENNESSEE. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Georgia,  on  the 
east  by  North  Carolina,  on  the  north  by  Virginia  and  Kentucky, 
on  the  west  it  adjoins  Middle  Tennessee  near  the  center  of  the 
Cumberland  Plateau.  East  Tennessee  is  noted  for  the  fertility 
of  its  valleys,  the  beauty  of  its  mountain  scenery,  the  salubrity 
of  its  climate  and  its  rich  mineral  deposits.  It  embraces  the  fol* 
lowing  counties,  which  will  be  described  in  alphabetical  order' 
to-wit : 


Anderson, 

Hancock, 

Morgan, 

Bledsoe, 

Hawkins, 

Polk, 

Blount, 

James, 

Rhea, 

Bradley, 

Jefferson, 

Roane, 

Campbell, 

Johnson, 

Scott, 

Carter, 

Knox, 

Sequatchee, 

Claiborne, 

Loudon, 

Sevier, 

Cocke, 

Marion, 

Sullivan, 

Grainger, 

McMinn, 

Unicoi, 

Greene, 

Meigs, 

Union, 

Hamblen, 

Monroe, 

A^"ashington 

Hamilton, 

ANDERSON 

COUNTY. 

Anderson  county  lies  partly  in  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee 
and  partly  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  The  county  presents  a 
broken  surface,  but  fairly   productive   soil.     Clinch    River    is 


88  IIAN1)-!5<XJK    OK    TENNE8.SEE. 

navigable  throUL^h  tlie  entire  length  of  the  county. 
The  county  is  well  wutered  with  numerous  creeks.  Clint  n, 
the  county  town,  Ls  on  Clinch  Rivci-  and  on  the  Kluoxville  and 
Ohio  Railroad,  and  has  a  population  of  263.  Other  towas  are, 
Andersonville,  Coal  Creek,  a  mining  tnvn,  and  Oliver's,  a  water- 
ing place  and  summer  resort  of  considerable  repute. 

Anderson  county  i)os.sesses  great  mineral  wealth,  consisting  of 
iron,  coal  and  zinc.  The  iron  ore  is  the  fossil  red  hematite  or 
dyestone  ore  of  good  quality,  but  not  at  present  mined  to  any 
large  extent.  Coal  of  excellent  quality  is  extensively  mined  at 
Coal  Creek.  Six  companies  are  now  engaged  in  this  business 
and  employ  about  360  miners.  Zinc  is  also  found  near  Clinton, 
and  the  mines  are  worked  with  proht.  There  is  a  broom-handle 
factory  at  Clinton.  The  county  is  well  supplied  with  valuable 
timber,  among  which  is  oak,  poplar,  ash,  hickory,  walnut  and 
pine.  There  are  good  schools  at  Andersonville,  Clinton  and 
Poplar  Creek. 

The  religious  denominations  most  numerous  are  Baptists  and 
Methodists.  The  tax  for  county  purposes  is  30  cents  per  8100  ; 
road  tax  10  cents. 

BLEDSOE  COUNTY. 

This  county  lies  partly  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  but  in- 
cludes the  Sequatchee  Valley,  which  has  an  average  width  of 
about  four  miles,  and  runs  entirely  through  the  county.  The 
soil  in  the  valley  is  good  but  on  the  mountains  is  sandy  and 
poor.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  tlie  Sequatchee  River  and 
its  tributaries.  The  Sequatchee  furnishes  excellent  water  power 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  yeai".  Timber  is  abundant,  con 
sisting  of  oak,  chestnut,  poplar  and  walnut.  Coal  and  iron  are 
abundant,  but  are  not  mined  to  any  extent  for  want  of  transpor- 
tation. Pikeville  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  146  inhabitants. 
Melville  is  the  only  other  town  in  the  county.  The  principal 
agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  tobacco,  syrup 
and  fruits.  ]Much  stock  is  annually  fattened  .and  driven  to  mar- 
ket. 

There  are  two  colleges  and  one  institute  located  in  Bledsoe 
county. 

The  most  numerous  religious  denominations  are  Methodists^ 
Baptists,  Presbyterians  and  Disciples.  The  taxes  are  :  school  tax 
on  SlOO,  15  cents  ;  for  county  purposes,  10  cents  ;  road  tax,  12 
cents. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  89 

BLOUNT  COUNTY. 

Couuty  seat,  Maryville ;  population,  1,098.  Other  towns, 
Louisville,  Pi-iendsville  and  Rockford.  Navigable  streams,  Ten- 
nessee and  Little  Tennessee  rivers.  Other  streams.  Little 
River,  Nine  Mile  and  Pistol  creeks.  The  face  of  the  country  is 
formed  of  valleys  separated- by  narrow  ridges;  mountainous  in 
southeastern  portion.  Timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of  pine, 
hickory,  oak,  ash,  sweet  gum,  walnut,  poplar,  beech,  &c. 
Water  power  is  excellent.  The  valley  lands  are  fertile  but  the 
ridges  are  inferior.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  abundance  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  county,  and  marble  of  fine  quality  in 
the  w^estern.  Copper  is  also  said  to  be  found  in  some  localities. 
About  25  persons  are  engaged  in  mining,  principally  in  marble 
quarries.  The  chief  agricultural  products  are  com,  wheat,  oats» 
potatoes  and  fruit. 

Maryville  College,  the  Normal  College  (colored),  Normal  and 
Preparatory  School  (Quaker),  and  the  Porter  Academy  are  the 
principal  schools.  There  are  one  cotton,  two  woolen,  one  sash 
and  blind  and  one  button  factory  located  in  this  county.  The 
button  factory  makes  beautiful  buttons,  resembling  pearl,  from 
mussel  shells  found  in  the  streams  of  the  county.  The  capital 
invested  in  manufacturing  is  about  $100,000,  and  the  number  of 
persons  employed  about  one  hundred. 

The  religious  denominations  are  Methodists,  Baptists,  Pi-esby- 
terians,  Friends  and  Christians.  The  taxes  on  $100  of  property 
are :  for  schools,  25  cents  ;  for  roads,  15  cents ;  for  county,  30 
cents ;  for  railroad  debt,  60  cents.  This  debt  was  contracted  to 
build  theKnoxville  and  Augusta  Railroad,  and  will  be  liquidated 
in  a  year  or  two. 

BRADLEY  COUNTY 

Is  situated  on  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia 
Railroad,  which  has  its  eastern  terminus  at  Bristol,  and  its 
southern  and  western  termini  at  Dalton  and  Chattanooga. 
Cleveland  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  1,874  inhabitants.  Other 
towns  are,  Charleston,  Chatata  and  McDonald's  Station.  The 
face  of  the  country  is  diversified  with  valleys  and  ridges,  some 
parts  mountainous.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  excellent,  the 
ridges  less  fertile.  The  Hiwassee  River  is  navigable  during  a 
portion  of  the  year.     Other  streams  are  Candy's,  Chatata,  Black 


00  HAND-BOOK    OF   TKNXK8fiEE. 

Fox,  Chostua,  Mouse  and  a  number  of  other  creeks,  afTording 
excellent  water  power.  Tlir  county  is  well  timbered  with  oak, 
pine,  hickory,  walnut  nml  pnplai-.  Tlic  minerals  are  iron,  lead, 
coal  and  mai'ble.  Aliout  liU  handrf  are  employed  in  the  marble 
quarries.  Considerable  iron  has  also  l)een  mined  in  this  county, 
giving  employment  to  200  hands.  It  is  said,  to  the  praise  of 
Bradley  county,  that  tlicre  is  not  a  single  retail  lifpior  shop  in 
the  county.  The  j)rincipal  manutacturing  establishments  are  a 
woolen  mill,  a  number  of  flouring  mills  and  a  foundry  ami  plow 
factory.  Capital  ililOO.OOO  ;  number  of  hands  employed,  50.  The 
principal  agricultural  })ni(lucts  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grass, 
clover,  cotton,  sorghum  and  potatoes. 

Taxes  on  $100  are :  ihv  scIkoIs,  15  cents  ;  for  roads,  15  cent.?  ; 
for  county,  30  cents.  Religious  deIlo^Hnatiou^i:  E[jiscopalian, 
Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Baptist  and  Methodist. 

CAMPBELL   COUNTY. 

This  is  a  mountainous  county,  but  has  some  beautiful  and 
very  fertile  valleys.  The  county  seat  is  Jacksboro,  which  has  a 
population  of  274.  Other  towns  are  Careyville  and  Fincastle. 
The  Knoxville  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  the  county. 
Powell's  River,  which  runs  through  the  county,  is  navigable  for 
flat  boats.  Other  streams  are.  Clear  Fork  River,  Big  Creek, 
Cove  Creek,  Cedar  Creek,  Hickory  Creek,  Rock  Creek  and  nu- 
merous others,  affoi-ding  excellent  water  power.  Timber  is 
abundant,  consisting  of  wrdnut,  ash,  poplar,  hickory,  oak,  (X*dar, 
etc. 

The  minerals  of  Campbell  county  are  coal,  iron  and  zinc 
Coal  is  mined  at  a  number  of  points  and  is  of  excellent  quality 
Iron  is  mined  to  a  limited  extent.  The  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed in  mining  is  about  100.  The  principal  agricultural  pro- 
ducts are,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  potatoes,  turnips,  grass,  clover 
and  fruit. 

The  i)riucipal  religious  denominations  are  Baptists  and  Meth- 
odists. There  are  good  schools  at  Jacksboro,  Well  Springs  and 
Fincastle.  Taxes  per  $100:  for  schools,  20  cents;  for  roads, 
15  cents  ;  county  purposes,  40  cents. 

CARTER  COUNTY. 

Carter  is  one  of  the  extreme  eastern  counties  of  the  State,  and 
is  very  mountainous,  having  only  a  small    propcu-tion    of  arable 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  91 

land,  lying  along  the  streams,  which  is  generally  very  fertile. 
Elizabethton  is  the  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  362. 
Other  towns  are,  Hampton  and  Carter's  Depot.  The  Watauga, 
Doe  and  Buffalo  rivers  are  navigable  in  favorable  st:.ges.  The 
water  power  in  Carter  county  is  excellent.  The  timber  is  abund- 
ant, consisting  of  white  pine,  oak,  hickory,  poplar,  hemlock, 
chestnut  and  many  other  varieties.  The  minerals  are  iron,  lead, 
silver,  and  manganese.  Considerable  iron  w'as  formerly  made 
in  the  county,  but  the  furnaces  ai"e  now  out  of  blast  in  conse- 
quence of  litigation.  The  principal  agric»lturnl  products  are 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  buckwheat  and  potatoes.  There  are  two 
woolen  mills  at  Elizabethton,  which  is  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Doe  and  Watauga  rivers,  and  is  reached  by  the  Western 
iforth  Carolina  Railroad.  The  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 
Georgia  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  The  principal  re- 
ligious denominations  are  Methodists  and  Baptists. 

CLAIBORNE  COUNTY. 

The  topograi^hy  of  Claiborne  county  is  diversified  with  hills, 
mountains  and  valleys.  Some  of  the  ridges  have  a  poor,  sandy 
soil,  though  for  the  most  part  the  soil  is  good,  though  rough  and 
stony,  interfering  with  cultivation.  Tazewell  is  the  county  town 
and  has  a  population  of  342.  Other  towns  are,  Springdale,  Old- 
town,  Compensation  and  Speedwell.  Powell's  River  runs  through 
the  county  and  is  navigable'  for  flat  boats  in  high  water.  Pow- 
ell's Valley  is  a  fertile  section.  The  minerals  of  this  county  are 
coal,  iron  and  manganese.  Iron  was  formerly  worked  at  several 
points,  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  transportation  the  work  was 
discontinued.  Tiisiber  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality. 
Water  power  is  extra  good.  Cumberland  Gap,  a  point  which 
has  become  historic,  is  in  this  county.  A  railroad  is  in  contem- 
plation from  Carey ville  to  Cumberland  Gap,  and  when  built 
will  open  up  a  valuable  agricultural  and  mineral  region.  Taze- 
well College,  at  Tazewell, enjoys  a  good  reputation.  Local  tax- 
ation is  moderate,  the  county  being  in  a  good  financial  condition. 
The  principal  agricHltural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  rye,  etc. 

COCKE  COUNTY. 

Cocke  county  is  generally  broken  and  mountainous.  It  has 
some  fine  valleys  with  excellent  soil.     The-  county  seat  is  New- 


92  HAM)-i!f)()K  (ji'  'ri:NNi:.s.si:j;. 

port,  whidi  Ims  lU?  iiilifihitants.  The  county  is  well  watercfl  by 
the  French  Broiid  :\ii<l  the  Big  Pigeon  rivers  imd  their  trihutarie*, 
which  iiHbrd  ample  water  powers.  Timbor  is  abundiint  and 
good,  .ii  branch  ol"  the  Etist  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia 
Kiiilroad,  from  Morristown  ruus  through  the  C(Hnity  to  Wolf 
Creek  on  the  North  Carolina  State  line.  Cocke  county  i,--  rich  in 
iron  ores  of  finest  quality,  though  but  little  developed.  It  ha^ 
good  schools  and  the  usual  religious  denominations.  Its  stajjle  • 
joroducts  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  grasses,  etc. 

GRAIIs'GEil   COUNTY. 

County  seat,  liutledge,  having  12G  inhabitauts  (Jtlier  towns 
are,  Tate  Springs  and  Mineral  Hill  Springs,  which  are  both  noted 
summer  resorts.  Navigable  streams  are  the  Ilolston  and  Clinch 
rivers,  which  afibrd  water  for  flat  boats.  Besides  these  rivei-s 
there  are  a  great  nu.mber  of  creeks  which  furnish  abundant  water 
power.  The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  made  up  of  a  num- 
ber of  flute-like  valleys  and  ridges  running  i'rom  northeast  to 
southwest.  The  soil  is  generally  good.  There  is  great  abund- 
ance of  timber  of  many  varieties,  the  oaks  and  pines  predoiiii- 
Hating  The  mineral  resources  of  Grainger  county  are  undevel- 
oped, though  valuable  minerals  are  believed  to  exist.  The  ag- 
I'icultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats  and  the  various  grasses, 
clover  predominating  among  the  grasses.  In  the  county  there 
area  number  of  manufacturing  establishments  on  a  small  scale. 
The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodists,  Baptists 
and  Dunkards.  County  taxation  on  §100:  for  schools  15  cents; 
for  roads,  IT)  cents;  for  county  purposes,  80  cents;  special  tax  to 
payUndebtedness,  25  cents. 

GREENE  COUNTY. 

The  county  seat  of  Greene  county  is  Greeueville,  on  the  East 
Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Railroad.  Its  population  is 
1,066.  Other  towns  are,  Rheatown,  Midway  and  Warrensburg. 
The  topography  of  Greene  county  presents  an  extended  plain, 
hemmed  in  between  two  mountain  ranges.  This  plain  is  inter- 
sected by  valleys  and  ridges.  Along  the  valleys  are  numerous 
rapidly  flowing  streams  affording  abundant  water  power.  Tim- 
ber of  excellent  quality  is  abundant.  The  principal  streams 
are  Chucky  River,  Lick  Creek,  Little  Chucky,  Horse  Creek  and 
Camp  Creek.     The  minerals  are,  iron  in  abundance,  lead,  copper, 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNi:S3EE.  93 

zinc,  and  marble.  But  little  mining  is  done  at  present.  The 
principal  agricultural  products  arc  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  sor- 
ghum, hay  and  tobacco.  Much  attention  has  been  given  to  the 
raising  of  fruit  and  poultry  which  have  proven  highly  remuner 
ative.  There  are  in  Greene  county  three  colleges  and  a  num- 
ber of  academies.  About  §250,000  are  invested  in  manufactur- 
ing establishments. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodists,  Bap- 
tists, Presbyterians,  Lutherans  and  Cumberland  Presbyterians. 
Taxation  per  SI 00:  for  schools,  25  cents  ;  for  roads,  1">  cents ; 
for  county  purposes,  SO  cents. 

HAMBLEN  COUNTY. 

Hamblen  is  a  small  county  on  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia 
and  Georgia  Railroad.  The  county  seat  is  Morristown  ;  its  popu- 
lation is  1,350.  Other  towns  are,  Russellville,  Whitesburg  and 
Witt's.  The  topography  is  varied,  comprising  river  and  creek 
bottoms,  valleys,  low  Apalachian  ridges,  but  no  mountains. 
Holston  nnd  Chucky  rivers  form  the  north  and  south  boundaries, 
while  a  number  of  suialler  streams  afford  very  considerable 
water  power.  The  soil  is  generally  good.  Timber  is  sufficient 
for  form  purposes.  Iron,  zinc  and  marble  are  found  in  the  coun- 
ty, though  but  little  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  nnuing.  Tiie 
principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats  and  hay. 
Much  attention  is  given  to  poultry  and  fruits,  and  large  quanti- 
ties are  annually  shipped.  Dairying  also  receives  considerable 
attention,  and  large  quantities  of  butter  are  shipped  to  distant 
markets.  The  educational  institutions  are  male  and  female 
high  schools  at  Morristown;  also  a  college  for  colored  students' 
and  the  AVhitesbnrg  Academy. 

Religious  denominations  are  Baptists,  Methodists,  Presbyteri- 
ans and  Lutherans. 

Hamblen  county  has  a  sash  and  blind  factory,  a   wagon  and 
carriage  factory,  several  steam  flouring  and  saw  mills,  etc.  Taxes 
per  $100 :    for  schools,  20  cents  ;  for  roads,  10  cents ;  for  coun- 
ty purposes,   30  cents ;  for  railroad  debt,  of  which  only  a  small 
mount  remains  to  be  paid,  30  cents. 

HAMILTON  COUNTY. 

Hamilton  county  possesses  vast  mineral  resources,  which  are  be- 
ing rapidly  developed.     Its  annual  output  of  coal  amounts  to  . 


04  HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNCTHEK. 

about  2()(),0()0  tons,  and  of  iron  ore-  to  ahoiit  oO. ()()().  (^nitn  a 
nunibcr  of  mines  are  l)ein;;  worked,  and  tin-  iiiiinl)cr  of"  miners 
employed  i.s  about  500. 

Chattanooga,  the  county  seat,  has  a  jxipidation  of  1'2,>S02 
which  is  rapidly  increasin<r.  As  a  manufacturing  point  the  city 
is  rapidly  growinpf  in  im])ortance.  With  the  advantaL'^es  of  the 
Tennessee  Kiver  and  its  network  of  jail  roads  for  transportation, 
it  bids  fair  to  become,  at  no  distant  day,  the  chief  manufacturing 
ciiy  of  the  South,  if,  indeed,  it  does  not  already  occujiy  that  po- 
sition. The  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  are  doubtless  des- 
tined to  be  in  the  future,  as  at  present,  the  leading  industry  of 
the  city:  but  while  this  is  true,  other  branches  of  manufacturing 
are  not  neglected.  The  whole  number  of  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments is  65.  The  amount  of  capital  invested  is  estimated  at 
from  two  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  millions,  and  the  number 
of  laborers  employed  at  about  3,500. 

The  topography  of  the  county  is  greatly  varied.  The  larger 
portion  is  mountainous  and  wild,  but  the  beautiful  and  fertile 
valley  of  the  Tennessee  and  its  tributaries  occupies  no  inconsid- 
erable space.  Some  of  the  ridges  also  are  highly  productive. 
The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  cotton,  wheat  and 
fruit.  Besides  the  iron  and  coal  already  mentioned,  Hamilton 
county  has  marble,  fire  clay  and  hydraulic  cement. 

Chattanooga  has  a  good  system  of  graded  schools,  with  an  av- 
erage daily  attendance  of  2,400,  and  thirty  teachers,  at  an  annual 
expense  of  $18,000.  It  is  well  supplied  Avith  churches  of  the 
various  denominations  common  to  the  country.  The  taxes  levied 
by  the  county  are  on  each  $100:  for  schools,  10  cents;  for 
roads,  10  cents,  and  for  county  purposes,  20  cents. 

HANCOCK  COUNTY. 

Hancock  is  one  of  the  northern  counties  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering the  State  of  Virginia.  Its  county  seat  is  Sueedville,  Avith 
a  population  of  167.  Other  towns  are,  Meadowfield,  Clinch, 
New  Sedalia  and  Yellow  Si)ring.  Its  principal  Avater-courses 
are  Poan-cH's  and  Clinch  rivers,  Avhich  are  navigable  part  of  the 
year,  and  Big  War  Creek,  These  streams  and  their  confluents 
aflbrd  abundant  Avater  power.  The  general  surface  of  the  country 
is  rough  and  mountainous,  but  interspersed  Avith  some  fine 
valleys.  Timber  is  abundant  and  excellent.  Schools  are  good, 
and  the  county  levies  the  usual  taxes.    The  agricultural  pro- 


ItANB-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  95 

flucts  arc  corn,  wlieat,  oats,  rye,  hay  and  tobacco.  Of  religious 
denominations,  there  are  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians. 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  county,  but  is  undeveloped. 

HAWKINS  COUNTY. 

Rogersville  is  the  county  town,  and  has  a  population  of  740. 
The  Rogersville  and  Jefferson  Railroad  connects  it  with  the 
•  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Railroad.  Other  towns  are, 
Rogersville  Junction,  St.  Clair  and  Mooreshurg.  A  portion  of  the 
county  is  mountainous,  but  for  the  most  part  it  is  made  up  of  a 
succession  of  valleys  and  ridges.  In  the  valleys  and  on  the 
northern  slopes  the  soil  is  rich.  On  the  southern  slopes,  gen- 
erally rocky  and  poor.  The  navigable  streams  are  the  Holston 
and  Clinch  rivers.  There  arc  numerous  smaller  streams  and 
excellent  water  powers  'at  many  localities.  Timber,  of  excellent 
quality,  is  found  in  abundance.  During  the  war,  large  quan- 
tities of  salt  were  made  in  this  county  from  a  well  200  feet  in 
depth.  Mint^'al  springs,  which  are  frequent  throughout  East 
Tennessee,  ar»  most  abundant  in  Hawkins  county,  and  some  of 
them  are  celebrated  for  their  curative  properties.  Petroleum  is 
found  floating  on  the  streams  in  some  localities.  Hawkins 
county  is  justly  celebrated  for  its  beautifully-variegated  marble, 
which  for  its  quality  and  beauty  of  coloring  is  perhaps  not  sur- 
passed by  any  in  the  world.  A  number  of  quarries  are  being 
worked  and  about  300  hands  employed.  The  business  is  ra-pidly 
increasing.  Hawkins  County  has  five  academies  and  one  female 
college.  The  religious  denominations  are.  Baptists,  Methodists, 
Presbyterians  and  Dunkards.  The  agricultural  productions  are 
those  common  to  East  Tennessee.  The  taxes  levied  by  the 
county  are,  on  $100:  for  schools,  20  cents;  roads,  15  /sents; 
county  purposes,  40  cents. 

Hawkins  county  has  two  woolen  factories?,  a  leather  and  shoe 
factory,  a  number  of  steam  mills,  etc. 

JAMES  COUNTY. 

County  seat,  Ooltewah,  with  26o  inhabitants.  Otiier  towns 
are,  Birchwood  and  Harrison.  The  Tennessee  River  separates 
James  from  Hamilton  county.  Other  streams  are,  Wolftaver, 
Long  Savannah,  Grasshopper  and  Gunstocker.  Water  power, 
good  ;  timber  good,  oak,  pine,  poplar,  hickory,  walnut,  etc. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  broken  and  irregulju-j  witli  con- 


9G  irAND-llOOK    OF   TENNIiMSEE. 

sidcrablc  viillcys  of  iiii(3  arable  land.  The  iniiuirals  arc  coal, 
iron  find  lead  ;  the  two  Ibrnicr  of  whicli  are  mined  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  giving  employnieuL  to  u!)out  100  hands.  The  iron 
ore  i.s  the  fossil Lfer oils  red  hematite,  and  exists  in  large  quan- 
tities. The  coal  is  of  good  quality.  The  agricultural  products 
are  corn,  wheat,  o:its,  rye,  barley,  hay,  tobacco,  sorghum,  pota- 
toes, peanuts,  etc.  There  are  two  high  schools  at  Ooltewah,  and 
one  at  Harrison.  The  churches  arc  Baptist,  Methodist  and 
Presbyterian. 

There  are  thirteen  manufacturing  establi.-htncnts  iji  the 
county,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000. 

The  taxes  on  $100:  for  schools,  20  cents;  road.=i,  10  cents; 
county  purposes,  35  cents. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Jefferson  county  is  crossed  by  the  East  Tennessee,  Vii'gina  and 
Georgia  Railroad  and  touched  on  its  eastern  boundary  by  the 
branch  road  from  Morristown  to  Wolf  Creek.  The  county  seat  is 
Dandridge,  which  has  431  inhabitants.  Other* towns  are.  New 
Market,  Mossy  Creek,  Talbott,  Mt.  Horeb,  Kansas  and  other 
villages.  Its  navigr.ble  streams  are  the  French  Broad  and 
Holston.  It  is  also  watered  by  a  number  of  smaller  streams, 
furnishing  fine  water  power.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  un- 
dulating, made  up  of  valleys  and  rounded  hills.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of  the  products  common  to  East 
Tennessee.  It  is  well  timbered  with  the  usual  varieties  of  timber, 
and  contains  depc.sits  of  marble,  some  of  which  are  exquisitely 
beautiful.  It  has  good  schools  and  the  usual  religious  de- 
nominations and  the  usual  local  taxation.  Much  attention  is 
given  to  the  improvement  of  stock,  and  the  farmers  are,  as  a 
class,  thrifty  and  independent. 

JOHNSON  COUNTY. 

Johnson  is  the  extreme  northeastern  county  of  the  State, 
touching  both  the  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  lines.  The 
county  seat  is  Taylorsville,  which  has  278  inhabitants.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Watauga  River,  Roane  and  Laural  creeks,  and 
has  excellent  water  power.  Timber  is  abundant  and  in  great 
variety.  The  county  is  largely  mountainous,  but  is  traversed  by 
a  broad  and  beautiful  valley  of  great  fertility.  Its  productions 
are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  grass,  clover,  sorghum,  potatoes,  fruit,  etc. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TEN^XESSEE.  97 

It  has  immense  beds  of  valuable  iron  ore,  and  only  lacks  facil- 
ities for  transportation  to  naake  it  one  of  the  richest  m.inina- 
sections  of  the  State.  Its  educational  facilities  are  c.-ooil.  It  has 
the  u^ual  religious  donominntions  and  the  usual  rate  of  ciainty 
taxation. 

KNOX  C'OrXTY. 

Knoxville,  the  county  seat  of  Knox  County,  is  a  beautiful 
and  flourishing  city,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  educational 
center  of  East  Tennessee  ;  the  populatioia  of  the  city  in  18^0  v/as 
9,693.  It  is  rapidly  increasing.  O^her  towns  arc,  Concsrd, 
Ebenezer,  ^[cMillan  and  Cooper  on  th.e  East  Tennessee  Virgina  and 
Creorgia  Railroad,  besides  a  number  of  villages  situated  in  various 
portions  of  the  county.  The  navigable  streams  are  the  Hoiston, 
French  Broad  and  Clinch  rivers.  Besides  these  there  are 
numbers  of  small  streams  which  aflurd  good  water  i)o\ver.  The 
topography  of  the  county  presents  a  succession  of  ridges,  some- 
times broken  into  hills,  and  valleys.  The  soil  is  generally  good  ; 
some  of  the  valleys  are  exceedingly  fertile.  The  agricultural 
products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grass,  clover,  potatoes,  fruits, 
etc.  Much  attention  is  given  to  raising  fruits  and  vegetables  for 
shipment.  A  large  business  is  also  done  in  poultry  and  in 
dairy  products.  Knox  County  has  much  fine  stwck. 
.  Of  minerals,  Knox  has  numerous  beds  of  iron  ore,  which, 
however,  have  been  but  slightly  developed.  Hydraulic  cement 
of  good  quality  is  also  found.  The  great  mineral  wealth  of  the 
county,  however,  consists  in  its  extensive  beds  of  variegated 
marbles.  Some  of  these  are  very  beautiful  and  are  susceptible 
of  high  polish.  Within  the  past  few  years  an  extensive  trade 
in  marble  has  grown  up,  of  which  Knoxville  is  the  center. 
Many  quarries  of  this  marble  are  now  being  worked,  and  a  large 
number  of  men  are  employed  in  this  business.  The  University 
of  Tennessee,  with  the  State  Agricultural  College,  the  Knoxville 
College,  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  are  located  at  Knoxville. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  high  schools  located  in  diiterent 
parts  of  the  county.  The  usual  religious  denominations  are 
found  in  the  county.  Knoxville  has  sixteen  churches.  A  large 
number  of  manufacturing  establishments  are  locattM^l  in  and 
around  Knoxville,  and  quite  a  large  business  is  done  in  various 
kinds  of  manufactures.  A  large  capital  is  invested  in  these  and 
many  laborers  are  employed. 


98  IIAN'D-UOOK    Ol"    TRNNRSSKi:. 

The  taxes  on  $100:  lor  scliool.s,  10  coiiLs;  loi'  cidiniy  pmixi.seH, 
)'()  ci'iits  ;  road  Uix,  15  cx'iits. 

LOUDON  COUNTY. 

IjoikIou  is  tiie  (!ouiity  seat  of  Loudon  county;  pojjiilation, 
M32.  Other  towns  are,  Stockton,  Philadol{)hia  and  J^cnoir's.  The 
Tennessee  River  passes  through  the  county ;  other  streams  are, 
Sweetwater,  Pond,  Fork  and  Town  creeks.  These  streams 
furnish  good  water  power.  The  face  of  the  country  is  undula- 
ting, and  the  soil  good.  Timber  is  plentiful,  of  usual  varieties. 
The  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Railroad 
runs  through  the  c  unty.  The  agricultural  products' 
are  those  common  to  East  Teuuessee.  Stock  raising 
is  hirgely  pursued  by  the  farmers.  Loudon  county  has 
good  schools,  and  ihe  usual  rates  of  county  taxation. 
At  Lenoir,  a  cotton  l;'.;;tory  ;fand  large  milling  operations  are 
carried  on.  Loudon  county  has  large  deposits  of  iron  ore  ot 
good  quality,  though  little  mining  is  now  being  done. 

AIARION  COUNTY. 

Marion  county  is  irivautainous,  but  includes  some  fine  valley 
lands  on  the  Tennesoj.'  and  Sequatchee  rivers  and  their  tribu- 
taries. There  is  fine  v,  ater  power  on  the  Sequatchee.  Jasper 
is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  541.  Other  towns 
are,  Victoria  (a  mining  town),  Mount  Eagle  (a  watering  place), 
and  Whitesides.  The  toil  in  the  valleys  is  excellent ;  on  the 
table-lands  it  is  adapted  to  fruit  growing.  There  is  great  abun- 
dance of  good  timber  iiicluding  many  varieties.  The  county 
contains  vast  quantities  of  iron  and  coal  which  are  extensively 
mined.  South  Pittsbiir,^^  is  the  principal  manufacturing  point. 
It  has  capital  investc;!  in  mining  and  manufacturing  iron  and 
railroad  cars  to  the  :i:;iount  of  about  a  million  and  a  half  of 
doUais.  A  branch  of  t  e  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad 
extends  from  Bridgepoil,  Alabama,  to  Victoria.  Corn,  cotton, 
wheat,  oats,  potatoes  and  ^ruits  are  cultivated.  There  is  a  good 
school  at  Jasper,  the  Sa:n  Houston  Academy.  Religious  de- 
nominations are  Baptis:  -,  Methodists,  Presbyterians  and 
Christians.  Taxes  on  $10J :  for  schools,  20  cents  ;  for  roads,  10 
cents  ;  county  purposes,  20  tx  nts. 


HAND-BOOK    OP   TENNPi^SKE.  ^ 

McMINN  COUNTY. 

Athens  is  the  county  seat  of  McMinn  county,  arid  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  1,100.  Other  towns  are,  Mouse  Creek,  Riceville, 
Calhoun,  Turley  Town  and  Williamsburg.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  agreeably  diversified  with  ridges  and  valleys.  The 
soil  is  generally  good,  and  the  county  well  tinjbered.  The 
Hiwassee  River  forms  the.  southern  boundary  of  the  county. 
Other  streams  are  Spring  Creek,  Rock  Creek,  Mouse  Creek, 
Brush  Creek,  Chestua,  Estenaula,  Connesauga  and  Rogei-s 
Creek.  These  streams  aSbrd  ample  water  power.  The  staple 
products  are  oorn,  wheat,  oats,  grass,  clover  and  fruits.  Athens 
is  the  seat  of  the  East  Tennessee  Wesleyan  University.  Other 
good  schools  are  located  in  the  county.  The  minerals  are  iron, 
marble  and  lithographic  stone.  The  iron  was  formerly  mined 
to  considerable  extent,  but  is  not  worked  at  present.  Comid- 
erable  marble  has  been  quarried  at  intervals  during  the  last  few 
years.  The  principal  churches  are  Baptist,  Methodist  and 
Presbyterian.  Manufactures  are  woolen,  cotton  and  flouring 
mills;  capital,  $100,000  ;  employes,  75.  Taxes  levied  by  county 
on  $100  :  for  schools,  10  cents ;  for  roads,  15  cents;  for  county 
purposes,  20  cents. 

MEIGS  COUNTY. 

Meigs  county  is  bounded  in  its  entire  length  on  the  northwest- 
ern side  by  the  Tennessee  River.  The  Hiwassee  River  runs 
through  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  county.  There  are  eev- 
eral  smaller  streams.  Decatur  is  the  county  seat.  Its  popula- 
tion is  175.  Other  towns  are.  Big  Spring,  Lucknow,  Goodfield^ 
Sewee,  Pinhook  and  Euchee.  The  valleys  in  thii  county  are 
extensive  and  fertile.  There  are  some  ridges  where  the  land  is 
inferior.  The  county  is  well  timbered.  The  usual  crops  of  East 
Tennessee  are  grown  in  great  abundance.  Meigs  county  has  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  iron  ore  which  is  mined  to  considerable  ex- 
tent, the  ores  being  shipped  to  Chattanooga.  The  educational 
and  religious  advantages  are  similar  to  those  of  adjacent  coun- 
ties. 

MONROE  COUNTY^ 

Monroe  county  lies  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State 
adjoining  the  North  Carolina  line.  The  southern  portimn  of  the 
county  is  exceedingly  rough  and  mountainous,  wlvile  the  northern 


100  HANIJ-BOOK    OF    TBXNiKSSKE. 

|>arl,  lyii:i;  in  llic  N'ulley  (»i'  JOiist  Tciiiu'ssfc,  is  !i  line  airri- 
fullurul  sccLinn.  The  ^Avcot wjiUt  X'a'icy,  i-wpecially,  i«^  one  !(f' 
the  loveliest  in  ihe  ^^t•nto.  The  county  seat  is  Madisonville, 
which  has  a  ])o])ulaLion  of  ."^00.  Other  towns  are,  Sweetwater, 
(jienloek  ami  IJelltown.  The  Little  Teniiesseeand  Tellieii  rivers 
rurnish  )iavigation,  and  the  ICast  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  (ieor- 
gia  Kailroad  passes  through  the  county.  The  county  is  v.ell  tim- 
bered and  the  valley  lands  are  very  productive.  The  principal 
educational  institution  is  Hiwassee  ('ollegc.  The  county  has 
the  usual  rates  of  taxation.  Monroe  county  is  very  rich  in  min- 
erals. The  principal  of  these  is  iron,  which  exists  in  large  (juan- 
tities  and  of  excellent  quality.  Besides  iron,  lead,  marble  au<l 
gold  and  silver  are  found  in  the  county. 

MORGAN  COUNTY. 

Morgan  county  is  situated  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  Wart- 
burg  is  the  county  seat ;  population  159.  Other  towns  ai-e,  Ilon- 
eycutt,  Nemo,  Kismet,  Auadell,  Sunbright  and  Rugby.  The 
Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  The 
soil  is  generally  of  inferior  quality,  though  on  the  northern 
slopes  and  in  some  of  the  small  valleys  is  more  productive.  The 
v,ater  courses  are  Emory  and  Obed  rivers,  Crooked  Fork,  Clear 
Creek  and  White?  ©ak.  On  the  flat  table  lands  the  timber  is 
small,  but  in  the  valleys  and  on  northern  slopes  there  is  much 
valuable  timber.  The  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  grasses,  fruits,  etc.  Valuable  coal  mines  have  been  opened 
in  this  county  and  some  three  hundred  miners  ai'e  employed. 
The  manufacturing  consists  of  lumber  of  different  kinds  in  which 
about  500  laborers  are  employed.  There  is  a  high  school  at 
Wartburg.  The  churches  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  etc.  The 
taxes  per  SlOO  are:  for  schools,  10  cents;  roads,  15  cents; 
county  purposes,  30  cents. 

POLK    COUNTY. 

Polk  is  the  extreme  southeastern  county  in  the  State.  It  ad- 
joins Georgia  on  the  south  and  North  Carolina  on  the  east 
Benton,  which  has  a  population  of  1<S3,  is  the  county  seat. 
Ducktown  is  the  only  other  town  in  the  county.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Hiwassee  and  Oci)ee  rivers,  the  first  of  which  is  naviga- 
ble, and  by  a  number  of  creeks.     "Water  power  is  abundant.  The 


HAND-BOOIC    OF   TENNESSEE.  ^^l 


county  is,  iur  the  luost  p.rt,  mountainous.  There  are_ some  val- 
leys ^vhich  affbnl  good  tillable  land.  Timber  IS  plentiful.  The 
staple  productions  arc  corn,  ^vheat  and  cotton. 

Polk  county  has  large  deposits  of  copper  :ind  iron  ore,  the  hrst 
of  ^vhich^vas'formerlv  exten.sively  mined,  but  ov.-mgto  litigation 
the  work  ^vas  some  years  since. uspended.  The  ruigious denomi- 
nations are  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Presbyterians.  School  tax, 
20  cents;  road  tax,  10  cents;  tor  county  purposes,  SO  cents. 

RHEA  COUNTY. 

Ehea  countv  lies  on  the  northwestern  side  of  the  Tennessee 
River      The  county  seat  is  Washington,  which  has  126  inhabi- 
tants     The  countv  in  the  western  part  is  mountainous,  the  re- 
mainder divided  between  yalleys  and  low  ridges  or  sometimes 
knobs.     The  yailey  portion  of  the  county  is   qui^  fei-tde^    Be- 
sides the  county  seat  are  the; following  towns:     Roddy,  feprmg 
City,  Eyansyille  and  Dayton.     Rhea  Springs  is  a  watering  tow«. 
Th^  Tennessee  Riyer  furnishes  navigation.     Other  streams  are 
Piney  River,  Clear,  White's  and  Big  and  Little  Richland  creeks. 
Thei;  is  .a-eat  abundance  of  water  power  and  plenty  of  good  timber. 
Rhea  county  contains    large  deposits  of  iron  and   coal,     ihese 
minerals  ar^  mined  at  several  points  and  give  employment  .o 
about  two  hundred  men.     The  agricultural  products  of  the  coun- 
tv are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  grass,  clover,  peanuts,  sor- 
Jhum,  cotton,  tobacco  and  iVuits.     Educational  insututions  are, 
Tennessee  Valley  College,  Richland  and  Mar's  Hill  Academies. 
The  churches  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian  and  Christian. 
School  tax,  15  cents ;  road  tax,  15  cents  ;  county  tax,  20  cents. 

ROANE  COUNTY. 

Kingston  is  the  countv  seat  of  Roane  county  and  has  apop- 
ulation  of  858.  Rockwood  and  Oakdale  are  important  mining 
towns  on  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad.  The  topograpnyo. 
the  county  is  similar  to  that  last  described  though  less  mountain- 
ous. The  navigable  streams  are  the  Holston  and  Clinch, 
which  unite  at  Kingston,  forming  the  Tennessee  river,  and  the 
Em-ory.  There  are  numerous  smaller  streams  and  abundant 
water-power.  The  county  is  well  timbered.  The  yaltey  lands 
are  very  productive,  gro'wing  all  the  crops  common  to  Eastien- 
nessee.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant  and  are  extensively  mined 
Several  furnaces  are  in  operathm  iiuaking  large  quantities  ot 


192  IIAM)-H()()K    OK    TKNNICSMKK. 

iron.  Mai'blf!  of  vory  fine  (luality.is  also  fuiiiid.  ('oiiffiderable 
iniuuifactiiriii;,'  is  done  in  tli«  county.  BeKidos  the  furnaces 
there  if*  a  woolen  mill,  a  liuh  and  spoke  factory,  and  a  nund)erof 
paw  and  jiianing  mills,  giving  altogether  cniploymeut  to  about 
800  hands.  There  are  several  good  academies  and  the  usual  re- 
ligious denominations.  Taxes  are:  for  schools,  per  $100,  15 
rents  ;  for  roads,  13  cents  ;  for  county  ])urposes,  20  cents. 

SCOTT  COUNTY. 

Scott  county  lias  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally thin ;  narrow  strips  of  i)roductivo  land  are  found  on  some 
of  the  streams.  Huntsville  is  the  county  seat  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  llf).  The  principal  streams  are  New  River,  Elk  Fork^ 
and  White  Oak.  These  streams  furnish  excellent  water  power. 
Timber  is  very  abundant.  The  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad 
runs  through  the  county.  In  the  tillable  lands,  corn,  wheat  and 
grasses  grow'  well.  A  large  part  of  tke  county  is  well  adapted 
to'grazing  and  fruit  growing.  Coal  exists  in  large  quantities, 
and  when  properly  developed  w^ill  add  greatly  to  the  wealth  of 
the  county. 

SEQUATCHEE  COUNTY. 

Seqnatchee  county  lies  upon  the  Cumberland  Plateau  ,  with 
the  Sequatchee  Valley  passing  through  its  center.  Dunlap  is 
the  county  seat  and  has  183  inhabitants.  Other  towns  are. 
ftlount  Airy  and  Fillmore.  The  valley  lands  are  exceedingly 
fertile,  growing  the  staple  productions  in  abundance.  Timber  is 
altundant.  Iron  and  coal  are  found  in  large  quantities,  but  for 
want  of  transportation  are  not  yet  available.  The  county  is 
watered  by  Sequatchee  River  and  its  tributaries.  A  railroad,  in 
course  of  coBstruction,  will  open  up  this  section,  when  its  miner- 
als will  become  valuable. 

SEVIER  COUNTY. 

Sevierville  is  thf  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  253. 
Other  towns  are,  Catlcttsburg,  Harrisburg  and  Ilendei-son.  Se- 
vier county  is  largely  mountainous,  with  many  coves  and 
beautiful  valleys  interspersed  among  the  hills.  The 
soil  is  generally  good,  and  covered  with  magnifi- 
cent ibi"e.s4;  growth.  The  water  courses  of  this 
county   are  the    French    Broad,  Little   Pigeon    and    numerous 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE,  103 

smaller  streams.  Water  power  is  good.  The  products  are  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  etc.  Stock  raising  receives  much  attention  and 
grazing  is  excellent.  Sevier  county  contains  abundance  of  iron 
ore,  but  which,  for  want  of  transportation,  has  never  been  f'evel- 
oped. 

SULLIVAN  COUNTY. 

The  county  seat  of  Sullivan  county  is  Blountville,  with  a  ])op- 
ulation  of  317.  Other  towns  are  Bristol,  Paperville,  I'iney 
Flats,  Union,  Kendrick  and  Fordtown.  The  county  is  Avatered 
by  the  Holston  and  its  tributaries,  which  furnish  plenty  of  water 
power.  The  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  country.  Bristol,  which  is 
on  the  Virginia  line,  is  a  point  of  considerable  manu- 
facturing and  other  business.  The  surface  of  the  county 
is  beautifully  undulating  and  the  soil  good.  The  staples  of  the 
county  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  sorghum,  buckwheat,  grass  and 
clover.  Much  attention  is  given  to  stock  raising.  The  educa- 
tional facilities  of  the  county  are  good,  and  it  has  the  usual  re- 
ligious denominations.  Iron  ore  of  good  quality  is  al)uudant, 
and  some  progfess  has  been  made  in  mijiing. 

UNICOI    COUNTY. 

This  county  lies  almost  wholly  in  the  Unaka  Mountain  belt, 
on  the  North  Carolina  border.  Comparatively  little  of  it  is 
adapted  for  cultivation,  though  hid  away  among  the  giant 
Unakas  are  many  beautiful  covt«  luul  small  valleys  of  great 
fertility.  The  county  seat  is  Erv/in,  which  has  a  population  of 
150.  The  county  is  watered  by  the  Nola  Chucky  and  its  tribu- 
taries. The  scenery  in  Unicoi  is  magnificent.  There  are  many 
picturesque  waterfalls  and  cascades,  which  will,  when  the  popu- 
lation requires,  drive  some  useful  machinery.  Among  the  moun- 
tains are  stores  of  valuable  minerals  which  await  the  require- 
ments of  commerce  to  call  them  from  their  hiding  places  and 
convert  them  into  useful  commodities.  Timber  is  abundant  and 
the  coves  and  mountain  sides  furnish  rich  pasturage  for  numer- 
ous flocks  and  herds. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

Mayuardville,  witli  a  population  of  178,  is  the  couuty  seat. 
There  is  no  railroad  entering  the  couuty.  The  surface  of  the 
county  js  generally  hilly,  but  there  are  a  number  of  valleys  running 


10  I  MANI)-I',f)itK    OF    'J'KNNESSKI-:. 

lliiMiiuli  llic  (•(luiit y,  riinii.-^liiiit.''  excellent  soil.  Tlic  county  is 
\('r\  •.veil  \v:it(  I'cd  hy  ,sj)riii^'',-<  and  running  .ntreams. 
'riu'  princiiial  stfcanis  arc  PowcllV  Uiver  on  the 
11  irlhcrn  li.i'.nidaiy  ;  Clincli  Ifivcr  runs  through  from 
cast  to  west.  J)csi(lcs  these  are  ii  number  of  creeks 
which  aflord  excellent  water  i)ower.  The  county  is  well 
tii!d)erc(l  and  contains  rich  deposits  of  iron  ore,  which  is  worked 
to  only  a  liniited  extent.  There  is  also  a  silver-bearing  lead  ore, 
'/inc  and  vast  quantities  of  beautiful  marble.  The  principal 
agricultural  j>roducts  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  grass  and  clover; 
much  of  the  arable  laud  of  the  county  is  given  to  meadows  and 
pasturage.  Stock  is  largely  raised,  which  is  driven  toKnoxville 
and  shipped. 

The  most  numerous  among  religious  denominations  are  Bap- 
tists and  Methodists.  County  taxation  on  SlOO  :  for  schools,  20 
cents;  roads,  15  cents  ;' county  purposes  80  cents. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

This  is  ]>erhaps  the  oldest  settled  county  in  the  State.  Joues- 
b  )ro,  the  c  niiity  seat,  cl^iims  to  be  the  oldest  town  in  Teunes.see. 
Its  popuiiitii.n  is  895.  Other  towns  are.  Limestone,  Millbrook, 
Telford,  Buffalo,  Johnson  City,  BroAvnsborough,  Carrville  and 
Fall  Branch.  TliC  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia 
Railroad  passes  through  the  county,  and  the  Western 
an<l  North  Carolina  Railroad  (narroAV  gauge)  has  its 
termiuus  at  Johnson  City.  The  Nola  Chucky  River 
runs  through  the  county.  There  are  also  numerous 
creeks,  Avhich  afford  good  water  power.  Timber  is  abundant- 
The  southern  portion  of  the  county  is  mountainous  and  the 
county  generally  broken.  The  valleys  are  fertile  and  there  is 
much  productive  uj>land.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  great  abundance. 
There  is  also  some  lead  and  zinc.  Washington  county  is  very 
largely  an  agricultural  county.  Its  products  are  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  buckwheat  and  fruit.  There  is  a  fruit-canning  establish- 
ment at  Johnson  City.  Much  dried  fruit  and  poultry  are  ship- 
ped from  the  county.  Some  manufacturing  is  also  done.  The 
county  has  a  foundry  where  agricultural  implements  are  made 
and  has  also  many  inills  propefled  by  water  jiower. 

The  prevailing  churches  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian 
and  Cliristian.  County  taxes  are,  on  §100  :  for  schools,  20  cents  ; 
roads,  15  cents ;  county  purposes,  30  cents.  There  is  a  good 
^icademy  at  Jonesborp, 


41 DDLE  TENNESSEE. 


The  itortion  of  the  State  known  as  Middle  Tennessee  embraces 
the  territory  lying  between  the  dividing  line  of  East  and  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  passing  over  the  central  portion  of  the  Cumber- 
land Phiteau,  and  the  T^ennessee  Eiver,  where  it  crosses  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  State,  and  pursuing  a  northerly 
course  crosses  the  State  line  into  Kentucky.  It  includes  the 
great  Limestone  Basin  and  the  surrounding  Highland  Rim,  or, 
more  properly.  Plateau  of  Middle  Tennessee,  and  a  portion  of 
the  Cumberland  Plateau.  The  basin  is  a  rich  and  populous  sec- 
tion, more  fully  developed  than  most  portions  of  the  State.  The 
plateau  portion,  while  generally  less  fertile,  yet  has  much  val- 
uable arable  land.  The  eastern  portion  contains  vast  deposits 
of  coal  and  also  iron,  while  the  v.estern  part  of  the  })lateau  is 
one  vast  iron  field.  All  portions  of  this  division  are  bountifully 
supplied  with  timi)er.  Limestone  of  good  quality  is  found 
almost  everywhere,  and  an  excellent  marble  in  some  localities. 
The  principal  navigable  stream  is  the  Cumberland,  though  there 
are  hundreds  of  smaller  streams,  aflbrding  abundance  of  water 
power.     This  division  contains  the  following  counties,  to-wit : 


Bedford, 

Cannon, 

Cheatham, 

Clay, 

Coffee, 

Cumberland, 

Davidson, 

DeKalb, 

Dickson, 

Fentress, 

Franklin, 

Giles, 

Grundy, 

Hickman, 


Houston, 

Humphreys, 

Jackson, 

Lawrence, 

Lewis, 

Lincoln, 

Macon, 

Marshall. 

^Maury, 

Montgo.n:!ery, 

Moore, 

Overton, 

Perry, 

Pickett, 


Putnam, 

Robertson, 

Rutherford, 

Smith, 

Stewart, 

Sumner, 

Trousdale. 

Van  Buren, 

Warren, 

Wayne, 

White, 

Willi::  mson, 

Wilson. 


These  will  be  ((escribed  separately. 


IOC)  UAN'I)-IU)()K    <)I"    KKNNKXSKK. 

BEDFOIM)  COUNTY. 

Rhclltvvillc  is  the  cxiiity  sciit  aixl   liiis  a  po). illation  of  1  ,HHO. 
Other  towns  iirc,  Waitiaco,  I^cll  Jiiicklc,  rnionville,  Richmond, 
Fhit  (Vork,  Normandy,    Fairfield,   ralmetto,    Hawthorne,   Fall 
Creek,  Bedford,  Rover  and   Haley's  Station.      It,s  water-eoursea 
are  Duck  River,  Spring  Creek,  North  J-'ork,  Garrison  Fork,  Rig 
Flat,  Wartrace,  Sugar,  Sinking  and  Thompson's  creeks.     The 
surface  of  the  country  is  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys  and 
is  very  well  watered.     The   soi^    is   of  excellent   (piality.     The 
county  is  well   improved,  and   as  an   agricultural   connty  is  sur- 
])assed  by  very  few   counties   in    the    State.     It    has   excellent 
water  power,  and  is  well  supi)lied  with  timber,  such  :!s  oak,  ash, 
hickory,    {)oi)lar,    hard    maple,   beech,   walnut,   red  cedar,    etc. 
The  princii)al  agricultural   products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye, 
tobacco,  cotton  and  hay.     Much  attention  is  given  to  stock-rai.s- 
ing.     In  the  way  of  manufactures  it  has  one  cotton  factory  and 
one  woolen  factory,  b(!side5  a  number  of  saw  mills,  [)laniug  mills, 
flouring  mills,  carriage  factories,  etc.     The  cai)ital  invested  in 
numufacturing   is  about  S3oO,()0()  and   number    of  hands  em- 
ployed 150. 

Bedford  county  is  well  sup])lied  with  schools,  the  principal 
Mue  being  the  Shelbyville  Female  Institute.  The  principal 
religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian, 
Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian  and  Christian.  County 
taxes  on  SlOO  are :  for  schools,  20  ;  for  roads,  10  cents ;  for  county 
purposes,  30  cents.  The  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Kailroad 
runs  through  the  county,  with  branch  road  from  "Wartrace  to 
Shelbyville. 

CANNON  COUNTY 

Lies  partly  in  the  Basin  and  partly  on  the  Highland  Kim,  giv- 
ing it  a  varied  topography  and  diversified  soils.  The  county 
seat  is  Woodbury,  w  hich  has  a  population  of  393.  Other  towns 
are  Newbern  and  Bradyvillc.  The  principal  water-courses  are 
Stone's  River,  Rockhouse,  Carpenter's,  Lock,  Rush  and  Braw- 
Icy's  creeks.  Nearly  all  of  these  afford  excellent  water  power. 
Timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of  oak,  poplar,  hickory,  walnut, 
hard  maple,  beech,  elm,  locust,  chestnut,  etc.  The  principal 
prt)ducts  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  tobacco  and  live  stock.  The 
principal  churches  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  and  Christian.  Cannon  county  has  some 
good  schools  and  the  usual  rates  of  taxation. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  107 

CHEATHAM  COUNTY. 

Ashland  City,  ou  the  Cumberland  River,  is  the  county  seat, 
and  has  a  population  of  170.  Other  towns  are.  Sycamore, 
Kingston  Springs  (a  watering  place),  Pegram's  Scation,  Craggie 
Hope  (a  summer  resort)  and  Thomasville.  The  Cumberland 
River  flows  through  the  county.  Other  streams  are,  Harpeth 
River,  Sycamore,  Half  Pone,  Barton,  Marrow  Bone,  Brush  and 
Sam's  creeks.  These  streams  afford  abundant  water  j^ovver. 
Timber  is  plentiful,  consisting  of  oak,  ash,  elm,  hickory,  beech, 
poplar,  etc.  Iron  ore  of  good  quality  is  found  in  some  localities* 
but  is  not  mined.  The  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St  Louis 
Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Much  of  the  county  is 
hilly,  but  the  river  and  creek  valleys  are  very  productive. 
Limestone  and  sandstone  furnish  plenty  of  good  building  ma- 
terial. The  chief  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley 
and  tobacco.  There  are  extensive  powder  mills  and  plow  fac- 
tories and  lumbering  establishments  in  the  county.  The  capital 
invested  is  about  $300,000,  and  the  number  of  persons  employed 
300.  Cheatham  county  has  the  usual  religious  denominations 
and  the  ordinary  county  taxes. 

CLAY  COUNTY. 

This  county  borders  on  the  Kentucky  line.  Celina,  which 
lies  on  the  Cumberland   River,  is  the  county  town,  and  has  a 

population  of .     Other  towns   are  Butler's    Landing  an4 

Centerville.  The  navigable  streams  are  the  Cumberland  and 
Obey's  rivers.  Other  water-courses  are,  Irvin's,  Mill  and  Brim- 
stone creeks.  These  streams  furnish  excellent  water  power.  The 
topography  of  the  county  presents  a  general  plain,  deeply  cut 
into  by  numerous  valleys.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  and  the 
county  well  timbered  with  the  usual  varieties. 

Clay  county  possesses  considerable  mineral  wealth,  iron  and 
petroleum  being  the  principal  minerals,  though  lead  and  other 
minerals  are  found.  No  mining  of  importance  is  done  at  pres- 
ent. The  principal  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  grass, 
clover  and  live  stock.  There  are  several  good  schools  in  the 
county.  The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodist, 
Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian  and  Christian. 
The  taxes  levied  by  the  county  on  $100  are:  for  schools,  10 
cents  ;  for  county  purposes,  30  cents. 


K'.S  HAND-rooK    OK    'rKXNIvSKKE. 

('OFF!-:!-:  corxTV. 

Til  is  ('Mil  lit  y  lies  |)iiiii-i]);i!!v  .'ii  ihc  lii'ih!;iiiil>  or  pi  at  (an  'A  .Mif!- 
(llc  IViincsst'c,  a  small  portion  only  ln'in<f  in  the  ba.sir.  The  noil 
is  generally  light  and  sandy,  though  there  are  .some  ferti!'  viilcy.-. 
Mancliester  is  the  eounty  seat.  Its  j)()pulation  i.s  V-]^.  Othci- 
towns  are,  Snniniitville,  IJeech  Grove,  Hillshoro,  P(>ealio)it{i.'i, 
Needmore  and  Tiillahoma,  che  hitter  being  a  summer  resort  of 
considerable  eelebrity.  'I'iie  [)rineij)al  water-courses  are  Duck 
River  and  its  tributaries,  which  afford  water  power  of  the  finest 
(juality.  The  county  is  amply  supplied  Avith  timber.  The  prin- 
ripa.!  ])roducts  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  fruits  and  live  stock. 
The  plateau  lands,  though  not  adapted  for  heavy  crops  of  grain 
are  well  suiterl  for  the  growth  of/ruits.  The  principal  educa- 
tional institutions  arc  the  Tullahoma  College,  the  Tullahouia 
Grammar  School,  and  the  Manual  School,  of  Manchester.  The 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  passes  through  the  county, 
and  the  IMraichester  and  Mc^Iiunville  Railroad  has  its  terminus 
at  Tullahoma.  There  are  in  the  county  one  paper  factory,  one 
!uib  and  spoke  factory,  one  Hie  factory,  one  axe-handle  factory, 
one  sash,  door  and  blind  factory  and  one  woolen  mill.  The 
amount  of  capital  invested  is  about  8250,000,  and  number  of 
persons  em])loyed  200.  The  prevailing  religious  dfenominations 
are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
and  Episcoj)alian.  The  county  taxes  are:  for  schools,  10  cents; 
for  roads,  to  cents;  for  county  purposes,  10  cents. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY 

Is  mainly  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  but  includes  a  small  por- 
tion of  Sequatchee  Valley.  ^\"ithiu  the  county  is  Crab  Orchard 
Mountain,  which  rises  to  an  elevation  of  one  thousand  fee^ 
above  the  plateau.  Some  coves  and  valleys  furnish  a  small  area 
of  good  arable  land.  Crossville  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a 
population  of  99.  Thtt  water-courses  arc  Obed's  River,  Big 
Emory,  Daddy's  Creek  and  Sequatchee  River.  The  agricultural 
l^roducts  are  corn,  wheat,  oMts,  rye,  iwtatoes,  etc.  The  county  is 
largely  jnistoral.  and  much  stock  is  raised  on  the  wild  grasses. 
The  plateau  lands  are  well  adapted  to  fruit-raising.  The  min- 
erals are  iron  and  coal,  though  these  are  but  little  developed. 
The  religious  denominations  are  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterian, Baptist,  Chiistian  and  ^lethodist.  The  county  has 
some  good  private  schools  and  the  usual  rates  of  taxation. 


HAXD-BOOK    OF    TEXXESSEK.  109 

DAVIDSON  COUNTY 

• 
Lies  mostly  within  the  basin,  iind  has  a  generally  fertile  soil. 
Nashville  is  the  county  seat  .'.'nd  alsvj  the  capital  of  the  State. 
The  eit}^  has  a  population  of  4o,850,  and  is  rapidly  increasing. 
Other  towns  are,  Goodlettsville,  McWhirtcrsville,  Edgefield  Junc- 
tion, Bellcvue,  Brentwood  and  Madison  -Junction.  The  Cum- 
berland River,  which  flows  through  the  county,  is  a  fine,  navi- 
s;able  stream.  Other  water-courses  are.  Stone's  River,  White's 
Brown's,  Richland,  Little  Harpeth,  Mansker's,  IMarrow  Bone 
and  Mill  creeks,  the  most  (jf  which  afford  fair  water  powers. 
The  timber  is  oak,  elm,  birch,  poplar,  ash,  hard  maple,  walnut, 
cedar  and  chestnut.  Tvro  main  trunk  lines  of  railroad  pass 
through  the  couirty,  which,  with  their  srdjordinate  roads,  give 
connection  -with  tdl  parts  of  the  world.  These  trunk  lines  are 
the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  and  the 
Louisville,  Nashville  and  Great  Southern  Railroad.  Nashville 
has  a  very  large  trade  with  the  Western,  Southern  and  South- 
western country.  Nashville  is  largely  engaged  in  manufactur- 
ing, having  large  factories  of  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  ironware, 
furniture,  doors,  sash,  etc.,  lumber,  agricultural  implements,  car. 
riages,  wagons  and  other  articles.  Capital  invested  in  manufac- 
turing estimated  at  83,000,000,  and  number  of  persons  employed 
at  3,000. 

Nashville  may  justly  claim  to  be  the  educational  center  of  the 
South.  The  Vanderbilt  University,  the  Nashville  University, 
Fisk  University,  Tennessee  Central  College,  School  for  the 
Blind,  St.  Cecilia  Academy,  the  Baptist  Normal  and  Theologi- 
cal Institute,  Ward's  School  for  Young  Ladies,  Price's  School 
for  Young  Ladies  and  other  private  schools  of  high  order.  Be- 
.sides  these  are  academies  at  all  the  villages  in  the  county.  Tlie 
city  schools  are  Avell  sustained,  and  are  i)erhaps  equal  in  effi- 
ciency to  any  in  the  United  States. 

The  products  of  Davidson  county  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye, 
barley,  grass,  clover,  millet,  tobacco,  fruits  and  live  stock.  No 
section  of  the  South  has  given  more  attention  to  breeding  fine 
stock  than  Davidson  c(junty.  Quite  a  large  business  is  also  done 
in  dairying,  and  also  in  raising  fruits  and  vegetables  for  ship- 
ment. 

All  religious  denominations  common  to  the  country  are  found 
in  Davidson  county.  The  M.  E.  Church,  South,  and  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  Church  have  extensive  publishing  interests 


no  HANI)-I5()()K    OF    TENNEH8EK. 

located  at  Naslivillr.  The  State  Asylum  i'or  llii;  lii.-um- aii<l  l\\(i 
State  Prison  are  located  at  Waslivillc 

The  taxes  levied  by  tlje  county  on  each  $HH}  are:  i'ur  schools, 
20  cents ;  for  roads,  5  cents,  and  ibr  county  purposes  bO  cents. 

DICKSON    COUNTY 

Is  situated  on  the  highland  plateau.  The  soil  an  the  uplands 
of  only  medium  fertility.     The  river  and  creek  valleys  are  very 

rich.     The  county  seat  is  Charlotte,  with  a  population  of . 

Other  towns  are  White  Bhilf,  Dickson  and  Gillem.  Harpeth 
and  Cumberland  Rivers  form  part  of  the  eastern  and  north- 
eastern boundaries  of  the  county.  Other  streams  are  Turnbull, 
Barton's,  Jones',  Piny,  Yellow,  Johnson's  and  Cedar  creeks, 
which  afford  excellent  water  power.  Timber  is  abundant.  Iron 
ore  exists  in  great  quantity,  but  at  present  is  worked  only  at  one 
point.  The  Cumberland  Furnace  is  located  in  the  northeastern 
quarter  of  the  county.  Petroleum  has  also  been  found  on 
Jones's  Creek.  About  $200,000  are  invested  in  manufacturing, 
and  about  300  persons  employed,  principally  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron.  Good  schools  are  sustained  at  Dickson,  Charlotte, 
Cloverdale  and  other  points.  The  usual  religious  denominations 
are  found.  The  county  taxes  on  $100,  are:  for  schools,  15 
cents;  for  roads,  10  cents ;  for  county  purposes,  30  cents.  The 
Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  passes  through 
the  county,  and  the  Nashville  and  Tuscaloosa  Railroad  has  its 
northern  termiiuis  at  Dickson. 

DeKALB  COUNTY^ 

Lies  partly  in  the  basin  and  partly  on  the  plateau.  The  soil  iu 
the  basin  is  rich,  while  the  plateau  land  is  of  lighter  quality- 
Smithville  is  the  county  ^eat,  and  has  a  population  of  580. 
Other  towns  are  Alexandria,  Liberty  and  Laurel  Hill.  Caney 
Fork  River,  which  is  the  principal  stream,  is  navigabk-.  Other 
water  courses  are  Pine,  Sink,  Hurricane,  Holmes,  Dry,  Eagle, 
Mine  Lick,  Fall  and  Falling  Water  creeks.  Iron  ore  in  con- 
siderable quantities  is  found  on  each  side  of  Caney  Fork,  which 
artbrds  fine  water  powers.  The  principal  agricultural  pnoducts 
are  corn,  Avheat,  oats,  rye,  tobacco,  and  grasses.  Large  numbers 
of  live  stock  are  raised  in  the  county-  There  is  one  college  and 
a  number  of  academies  in  the  county.  There  is  one  cotton 
factorv  in    the   countv,  and  a  nund>er  of  lumber  ami    flouring 


MAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  Ill 

mills.  Religious  denoininations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presby- 
terian, Cumberland  Presbyterian  and  Christian.  The  county 
taxes  are:  for  schools,  80  cents;  for  roads,  12v  cents;  for 
county  purposes,  30  cents. 

FENTRESS  COUNTY. 

Jamestown,  with  a  population  of  86,  is  the  county  seat.  Other 
towns,  Travisville.  Water  courses,  Wolf  River,  Obey's  River, 
Clear  Fork,  Rock  Castle,  Cable  and  Poplar  creeks.  The 
timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of  ])oplar,  chestnut,  walnut,  oak 
and  various  other  kinds.  The  minerals  are  coal  and  iron  in 
abundance.  The  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
grasses  and  tobacco,  and  live  stock. 

Fentress  County  lies  mainly  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  but 
embraces  some  beautiful  valleys  which  are  exceedingly  fertile. 
Water  power  in  the  county  is  very  good.  VanBuren  Academy 
is  the  principal  school  in  the  county.  The  usual  religious  de- 
nominations are  found,  and  the  county  has  the  ordinary  rates  of 
taxation. 

FRANKLIN   COUNTY. 

Winchester  is  the  county  seat.     Its  population  is  Other 

towns  are  Decherd,  Hunt's  Station,  Cowan,  Sherwood  and 
Salem.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  the  Elk  River  and  its 
numerous  tributaries,  which  aftbrd  magnificent  water  power. 
The  topography  of  the  county  is  greatly  diversified,  a  portion  of 
it  lying  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  a  portion  in  the  valley  of 
Elk  River,  and  another  portion  on  the  Highland  Rim.  Some 
fertile  lands  are  found  along  the  base  of  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  and  also  in  the  Elk  River  Valley.  The  plateau  lands 
are  less  fertile,  but  well  adapted  for  fruits  and  for  suninier 
grazing.  The  county  is  well  timbered.  The  principal  agricul- 
tural products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  cotton  and  live  stock. 
The  minerals  of  this  county  are  coal  and  marble.  Coal  is 
mined  to  considerable  extent,  and  some  marble  has  been 
quarried.  A  number  of  cotton  factories,  one  woolen  factory,  one 
cheese  factory,  one  ii-on  furnace,  a,  number  of  tanneries  and 
other  manufactwring  establishments  are  located  in  the  county. 
The  amount  of  capital  invested  is  about  ^250,000,  and  the 
number  of  persons  employed  is  about  300.  The  religious  de- 
nominations are  Episcopalian,  Baptist,  Methodisjt,  Presbyterian' 


112  HAND-BOOIC    OF    TKXNRSSKE. 

Cuiiiltcrljiiid  I'resbyteriiui  iiiid  ( 'atholic.  Tlicrc  is  ;i  iiMi:;ial 
scIiudI  at  Wir.clicstcr;  also  an  iiislitiitc  :  the  UnivLTsity  ol"  the 
Soutli,  at  Sewancc,  and  acadciiiit-i  ai  all  ilic  (owns. 

The  Nashville  and  ( "hattanooiia  liaili-oa-i  passes  throK^li  the 
county.  The  b  ayettevillc  Branch  ivaiiroad,  and  tlie  Tennc.'jsee 
C/oul  and  Iron  Company's  Railroad  have  their  tc-rrnini  in 
Franklin  County.  The  county  taxes  are:  for  scliools,  10 
centf^ ;  for  roads,  <S  cents,  and  fori-ounty  purijo.ses,  'J')  cents. 

GILES   COUNTY. 

Pulaski  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  2,089. 
Other  towns  are  Canipbellsville,  J^ynnville,  Elkton  and  Wales. 
The  surface  of  the  county  is  much  diversified.  A  portion  of  the 
county  lies  on  the  Highland  Plateau,  and  has  a  light  soil.  A 
large  portion,  however,  lies  within  the  Elk  iliver  arm  of  the 
central  liasln,  and  though  intersected  by  ridges  and  soinetimes 
rising  into  hills,  has  a  rich  und  generous  soil.  The  2>r'ncipal 
water  courses  are  Elk  River  and  Richland  Creek.  These 
streams  have  numerous  tributaries,  and  furnish  considerable 
water  power.  The  country  is  well  timbered  with  oak,  hickory, 
ash,  beech,  sugar  tree,  elm,  maple,  poplar,  walnut,  chestnut 
and  other  varieties.  The  principal  agricultural  products  are 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  cotton  and  live  stock.  Blooded  stock  is 
extensively  raised  in  the  county.  The  Louisville,  Nashville  and 
(Jreat  Southern  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Giles 
College  and  Martin  Fenuile  College  are  located  at  Pulaski. 
Other  good  schools  are  distributed  through  the  county.  There 
are  two  cotton  factories  in  the  county,  and  a  number  of  flouring 
mills.  The  capital  invested  is  about  8200,000,  and  the  number 
(»f  persons  employed,  12o.  Religious  denominations  are  Meth- 
odist, Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cumlierland  Presbyterian,  Episct)- 
palian,  Christian  and  Catholic.  The  vounty  taxes  on  SlOO  are: 
for  schools,  10  cents;  for  roads,  15  cents;  for  county  purposes, 
25  cents.  Considerable  attention  is  given  to  grape  culture  in 
Giles  County,  and  quantities  of  wine  are  made. 

GRUNDY  COUNTY. 

County  seat,  Altamont ;  })opulation,  110.  Other  towns,  Tracv 
City,  Pelhham,  Gruteli  and  Beersheba  (a  noted  watering  place). 
The  water-courses  are  Elk  River,  Collin's  River,  Laurel  Creek, 
Fiery  Gizzard,  Fire  Scald  and  some  other  creeks,  furnishing  fine 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  118 

water  power.  The  county  lies  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau,  but  is 
deeply  serrated  with  valleys  and  coves,  some  of  w'hich  furnisli 
small  bodies  of  very  fertile  soil.  The  general  soil  of  the  county 
is  well  adapted  to  fruit-growing,  especially  the  grape.  J^  colony 
of  Swiss  settlers  are  located  in  this  county,  and  are  succeeding 
well  in  wine-making  and  silk-culture.  The  county  is  well  lini. 
bered  with  white  pine,  oak,  poplar,  walnut  and  other  varieties 
of  timber.  The  cove  and  valley  lands  produce  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
tobacco,  etc.  The  mountain  lands  produce  much  grass  for  pas- 
turage. The  minerals  consist  of  iron  and  coal,  the  latter  of 
which  is  very  extensively  mined  at  Tracy  City,  the  Tennessee 
Coal  and  Iron  Co.  operating  with  a  capital  stock  of  $3,000,000 
and  employing  GOO  hands.  This  company  owns  a  railroad  run- 
ning from  Tracy  City  to  Cowan,  where  it  connects  with  the 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad.  The  company  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  coke.  Outside  of  the  coke 
works  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  manufacturing  is  esti- 
nuited  at  200.  ' 

The  religious  denominations  ai-e  Methodist,  Baptist,  Lutheran, 
Catholic,  Episcopalian  and  Cumberland  Presbyterian.  The 
usual  county  taxes  are  levied. 

HICKMAN  COUNTY. 

Hickman  county  lies  mainly  on  the  Highland  Plateau,  but  is 
intersected  by  the  Duck  River  and  Piney  River  valleys.  The 
county  seat  is  Centreville,  which  has  a  population  of  286.  Other 
towns  are,  Vernon,  Pinewood,  Beaver  Dam  and  Shady  Grove. 
The  water-courses  are  Duck  River,  which  is  navigable  during  a 
portion  of  the  year,  Piney  River,  Boaver  Dam,  Sugar,  Swan, 
Lick,  Leatherwood  and  Cane  creeks.  Some  fine  v^ater  power  is 
found  in  the  county.  Timber  in  the  greater  part  of  the  county 
is  abundant,  consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  chestuut,  walnut,  poplar 
and  many  other  varieties.  Iron  in  great  abundance  is  found, 
and  is  mined  to  considerable  extent,  about  300  hands  being  em- 
ployed. The  'principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  peanuts  and  live  stock.  A  large  cotton  factoiy  is  located 
at  Pinewood.  About  $250,000  are  invested  in  manufacturing, 
and  about  400  persons  are  employed.  There  is  an  academy  at 
Centreville,  and  a  number  of  good  schools  in  the  county.  The 
prevailing  religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Christ- 
ian at)(l  Cumberland  Presbyterian.     The  county  taxes  on  $100 


11-1  irANI)-I50(lK    OF   TENNESSEE, 

tire:  for  schools^,  lOccnt^;;  for  roiids,  15  cents;   for  county  pur- 
poses, 30  cents.     The  Nashville  and  Tuscaloosa  Railroad,  in 
course  of  construction,  passes  through  the  county. 
* 

HOUSTON    COUNTY. 

Houston  County  lies  on  the  Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville 
and  Nashville  Railroad.  The  county  scat  is  Erin,  which  has  a 
population  of  485.  Other  towns  are  Danville,  Cumberland 
City,  Arlington  and  Stewart  Station.  The  Tennessee  River  forms 
the  western  boundary  of  the  county.  Other  streams  are  Wells 
Creek,  Guices,  White  Oak,  Cane,  Hurricane  and  Yellow  Creek. 
The  surface  of  the  county  is  much  broken  by  narrow  valleys 
and  by  the  Tennessee  Ridge,  which  crosses  the  county  from 
north  to  south.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  very  rich,  that  of  the 
ridges  is  lighter,  but  well  adapted  for  grasses  and  for  fruit.  The 
timber  is  abundant,  presenting  the  usual  varieties.  Iron  ore  is 
in  large  quantity,  marble,  hydraulic  limestone  and  fire  clay  is 
also  found..  Yellow  and  White  Oak  creeks  afford  good  water- 
power.  Excellent  limestone  abounds,  and  large  quantities  of 
lime  are  shipped  to  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  county  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  grass,  clo- 
ver, live  stock,  etc.  There  are  good  schools  at  Arlington,  Erin 
and  Tennessee  Ridge.  The  usual  religious  denominations  are 
found  in  this  county,  and  the  usual  taxes  are  levied. 

HUMPHREYS  COUNTY 

Lies  on  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad. 
Tennessee  River  forms  its  western  boundary,  while  Duck  River 
flov/s  through  the  county.  Other  streams  are  Buffalo  River, 
Blue  Creek,  Trace  Creek,  Hurricane,  Tumbling,  White  Oak, 
Bio;  and  Little  Richland  creeks.  The  face  of  the  countrv  is 
diversified  with  plateau,  ridge  .  and  valley  lands.  The  soil 
varies  greatly  from  fertile  to  poor.  Duck  River  Valley  is  one 
of  the  most  fertile  in  the  State.  Timber  is  abundant,  and  is  of 
excellent  quality.  There  is  good  water  power  on  some  of  the 
streams.  There  are  good  schools  at  Waverly,  the  county  seat, 
and  at  other  points.  Waverly  has  a  population  of  510.  Other 
towns  in  the  county  are  Johusonville,  McEwen,  Hurricane 
Mills,  Bakerville  and  Cuba.  Some  iron  ore  is  found  in  the 
county,  but  has  not  been  developed.  There  is  a  woolen  mill 
and  a  hub  and  spoke  factory  in  the  county.     About  830,000 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  115 

are  invested  and  50  hands  employed  in  manufacturing.  Large 
quantities  of  tanbark  (chestnut  oak)  are  annually  shipped  froni 
the  county.  The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  peanuts,  tobacco  and  live  stock.  The  churches 
ar®  Baptist,  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Christian,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  and  Catholic. 

The  county  taxes  per  $100  are:  fbr  schools,  10  cents;  for 
roads,  10  cents,  for  county  purposes,  30  cents. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Gainesboro,  the  county  seat,  is  situated  on  the  Cumberland 
River,  and  has  a  population  of  352.  Other  toAvns  are  Gran- 
ville, Mayfield,  Gladdice,  Meigsville,  and  Whitleyville.  The 
Cumberland  River  flows  through  the  county.  Numerous  tribu- 
utaries,  tlie  principal  of  which  is  Roaring  River,  furnish  abun- 
dance of  water,  and  good  water  power.  The  county  is  divided 
into  plateau,  ridges  and  valleys.  The  valleys  are  rich,  the 
ridges  medium  and  the  plateau  lands  light.  The  county  has  an 
abundance  of  fine  timber,  embracing  all  the  usual  varieties. 
The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye, 
tobacco  and  live  stock.  There  are  some  good  private  schools  in 
the  county;  also,  a  number  of  small  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, in  which  some  $50,000  capital  are  invested,  and  furnish- 
ing employment  to  about  50  hands.  The  usual  religious  organ- 
izations are  found  in  this  county. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY. 

Lawrenceburg  is  the  county  seat ;  population,  503.  Other 
towns,  Summertown,  Henryville,  Wayland  Springs,  West  Point, 
and  St.  Joseph.  The  county  is  principally  situated  on  the 
Middle  Tennessee  plateau.  It  has  numerous  streams,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  Buflalo  River,  Shoal  Creek,  Factory, 
Chisholm,  Knob,  Blue  Water,  Sugar  and  Butler's  Creeks,  on 
many  of  which  there  is  excellent  water  power.  The  minerals  are 
marble  and  iron,  the  latter  of  which  is  found  in  vast  quantities. 
Iron  is  mined  at  only  one  point.  Napier's  furnace  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  county,  gives  employment  to  about  150  hands. 
Timber  is  abundant  and  excellent.  The  principal  agricultural 
products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  peanuts,  fruits  and  live 
stock.     Grape    culture    is    attracting     considerable    attention. 


IKi  (IANI)-I5()<)K    OF    TENNI'»8KE. 

Tlierc   arc   academies   at    Liiwronr-cburir,    ChinnV)ec,    Wayland 
Springs  and  Summertown. 

Ixiwrcnce  County  has  one  wonlen  factory  and  seven  cotton 
f;ii  tci'ies,  with  capital  of  about  S(»<)0,0()0,  and  employing  about 
-I ill)  hands.  The  usual  religious  organizations  prevail  in  the 
county."  Couut}'^  taxes  per  $100  are:  for  schools,  10  cents;  for 
roads,  10  cents ;  county  tax,  10  cents. 

LEWIS  COUNTY. 

Ne^\burg  is  the  county  seat.  Its  population  is  373.  The 
county  is  a  high  rolling  plateau.  The  soil  is  generally  thin, 
but  there  is  some  good  land  in  the  valleys.  The  principal 
streams  are  Buffalo  River,  Swan,  Cane,  Rock  House,  Grinder's 
Brush,  Chiefs,  Cathey's  and  Bigby  creeks.  These  stream? 
afford  superb  water-power.  The  timber  is  principally  black- 
jack, post  oak  and  chestnvit  oak.  There  are  numerous  large 
deposits  of  iron,  which,  however,  is  not  mined.  The  agricul- 
tural products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  peanuts,  etc.  The  religious 
organizations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
and  Christian. 

LINCOLN   COUNTY. 

Fayetteville  is  tin  cgunty  seat ;  population,  2,104.  Other 
towns  are  Petersburg,  Molino,  Mulberry,  Oak  Hill,  Lincoln 
and  Blanche.  The  water  courses  are  Elk  River,  Bradshaw, 
Swan,  Cane,  Norris,  Mulberry,  Roundtree,  Tucker,  Farris, 
Shelton,  Duke's,  Stewarts,  Coldwater  and  Kelley's  creek*. 
Water  power  is  abundant.  Timber  is  plentiful,  consisting  of 
hickory,  chestnut,  mulberry,  oak,  poplar,  beech,  sugar  tree  and 
walnut.  Marble  of  very  handsome  appearance  exists,  and  has 
been  quarried  to  a  limited  extent. 

The  surface  of  the  county  i»  diversified.  A  belt  along  the 
Alabama  line  is  plateau  land  and  the  soil  is  thin.  The  remain- 
der of  the  county  is  divided  into  valleys  and  hills  with  gen- 
erally an  excellent  soil.  The  principal  agricultural  products 
are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  cotton,  grasses  and  live  stock,  being 
one  of  the  best  stock  counties  in  the  State.  There  is  a  college 
and  a  female  academy  at  Fayetteville.  Academies  at  Oak 
Hill,  Petersburg,  Mulberry,  Lincoln,  and  other  points.  There 
is  one  cotton  and  one  woolen  factory,  and  a  number  of  smaller 
manufacturing  establishments  in  the  county.     The  capital  in- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  117 

vested  is  about  S300,000,  and  number  of  hands  employed  600. 
The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist, 
Christian,  Associate  Reformed  and  Covenanters. 

The  usual  county  taxes  are  levied.  The  Fayetteville  branch 
of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  and  the  Duck 
River  Valley  Railroad,  have  their  termini  at  Fayetteville. 

MACON  COUJv^TY. 

Macon    County   lies    mainly   on  the  rim   or   plateau.      The 

County  seat  is  Lafayette ;  population, .      Other  towns  are 

Hillsdale  and  Hayesviile.  Red  Boiling  Springs  is  .a  ■watering- 
place  of  note.  On  the  plateau,  the  soil  is  generally  thin,  but  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  county,  which  lies  within  the  basin,  it 
is  rich.  The  water-courses  are  Goose,  Dixons,  Long,  Puncheon, 
White  Oak,  Salt  Lick,  Line  and  a  number  of  other  creeks 
affording  ample  water  power.  The  timber  consists  of  hickory, 
oak,  chestnut,  poplar,  beech,  walnut,  hard  maple  and  other 
varieties,  and  is  abundant.  There  is  some  iron  ore  in  the 
county,  but  its  extent  has  not  been  developed.  The  principal 
agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye  and  tobacco. 
There  is  little  manufacturing  in  the  county  beyond  milling  and 
lumbering.  There  are  good  private  schools  at  various  points  in 
the  county.  The  various  religious  denominations  common  to 
the  State  exist  in  the  county.  The  usual  county  taxes  are 
levied. 

MARSHALL  COUNTY. 

County  seat,  Lewisburg;  population,  460.  Other  towns, 
Chappel  Hill,  Cornersville,  Farmington,  Mooresville  and 
Belfast.  Water  courses.  Rock,  Flat,  Caney  Spring,  Richland, 
Bradshaw,  Swan  and  Robinson's  Fork  creeks  and  Duck  River. 
The  river  and  some  of  these  creeks  afford  fine  water  power. 
The  surface  of  the  country  is  diversified,  and  the  soil  generally 
fertile.  The  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye> 
grasses,  cotton  and  live  stock.  Timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of 
oak,  chestnut,  poplar,  walnut,  beech,  elm,  cherry  and  large 
quantities  of  red  cedar.  Little  attention  is  given  to  manufac- 
turing. There  is  a  female  academy  at  Lewisburg,  and  other 
schools  located  in  different  portions  of  the  county.  The  usual 
Protestant  religious  denominations  are  found  in  the  county. 
County  taxes  :  for  roads,  5  cents ;  for  county  purposes,  30  cents ; 


11'")  IfAND-HOOK    OF    TKNNIWSRE, 

special  tax,  30  cents  on  $100.     TIm'   Duck   River  \'allev  Rail- 
if)afl  passes  tliroiij^h  tlie  county. 

MAURY  COUNTY. 

Cnhiuibia  is  tlie  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  8,400. 
Other  towns  are  Williarnsport,  Mt.  Pleasant,  8anta  Fe,  »Sprin<^ 
Hill,  Culleoka,  Bigbyville,  Neapoli,  and  Hampshire.  The 
water-courses  are  Duck  River,  Fountain,  Bigby,  Silver  Knob, 
Carter's,  Snow,  Rutherford,  Globe,  Leiper's  and  Cathey's 
creeks.  Some  of  these  afford  very  considerable  water  power. 
The  surface  of  the  country  is  generally  level  or  uAdulating,  but 
at  some  points  broken  into  hills.  The  soil  is  excellent,  and 
produces  heavy  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grasses,  clover 
and  cotton.  The  county  is  noted  for  its  large  production  of 
fine  stock,  aud  for  its  fine  fruit  and  dairy  product.  There  area 
number  of  manufacturing  establishments,  employing  about 
§200,000  capital  and  200  hands.  The  religious  denominations 
are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian, 
Christian,  Associate  Reformed,  Episcopal  and  Catholic. 

The  county  taxes  are :  for  roads,  12  cents ;  for  county  pur- 
poses, 25  cents  per  $100.  The  Louisville,  Nashville  and  Great 
Southern  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  The  Duck 
River  Valley  Plailroad,  and  the  Nash^^lle  and  Florence  Rail- 
road have  their  termini  at  Columbia. 

Columbia  has  a  female  institute  aud  Athenieum,  and  academies 
and  seminaries  are  found  at  every  village  and  neighborhood  in 
the  county.  In  the  western  part  of  the  count}^  some  iron  ore  is 
found. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

Clarksville,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  3, SCO.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Cumberland  River,  and  on  the  Memphis 
branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  Other  towns 
are  Palmyra,  Hampton,  Ringgold,  Dotson,  Shiloh  and  numerous 
other  villages.  The  water-coui-ses  are  Cumberland  River,  Red 
River  and  their  numerous  tributaries,  which  furnish  consider- 
able water  power.  Montgomery  County  lies  on  the  Highland 
Plateau,  but  the  streams  mentioned  have  carved  out  valleys, 
which  contain  quite  considerable  areas  of  soil  of  like  character 
with  the  rich  basin  lauds.  Much  of  the  plateau  land  is  also  of 
excellent  quality,  though  some  portions  are  poor.     The  surface 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  119 

of  the  country  is  greatly  varied  with  valleys,  plateaus  and 
ridges.  Iron  ore  is  abundant,  and  a  number  of  furnaces  were 
formerly  operated,  but  for  various  reasons  they  have  all  sus- 
pended. The  agricultural  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
rye,  grasses,  tobacco  and  live  stock.  Montgomery  County  has 
one  university  and  many  schools  of  high  character.  Its  reli- 
gious denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Cum- 
berland Presbytei'ian,  Episcopalian,  Christian  and  Catholic. 

Clarksville  has  considerable  manufat-turing  enterprise.  The 
county  taxes  are:  for  schools,  20  cents;  for  roads,  10  cents  J 
for  county  purposes,  20  cents  per  §100. 

MOORE  COUNTY. 

Lynchburg  is  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  population  of  S45. 
Other  towns  are  Charity,  Marble  Hill  and  County  Line.  The 
county  is  drained  by  Elk  Elver  and  its  tributaries,  and  has 
plenty  of  water  power.  Timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of  oak, 
hickory,  walnut,  poplar,  sugar  tree,  chestnut,  etc.  Marble  of 
fair  quality  is  found  in  the  county. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye, 
barley,  grasses  and  live  stock.  The  surface  of  the  country  is 
greatly  diversified,  part  of  the  county  lying  Avithin  the  basin 
and  part  upon  the  plateau.  Elk  Ridge,  which  divides  the 
waters  of  Duck  and  Elk  Rivers,  runs  through  the  county. 
The  basin  and  ridge  lands  are  fertile,  but  the  plateau  lands  are 
poor.  Lynchburg  has  a  male  and  female  institute.  Other 
schools  are  located  in  the  county.  The  religious  denominations 
are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Christian  and  Cumberland  Presbyterian. 
The  county  levies  the  usual  taxes. 

OVERTON  COUNTY. 

The  county  seat  is  Livingston,  w^hich  has  a  population  of  312. 
Other  towns  are  Monroe,  Oak  Hill,  Olympus  and  Hillham. 
The  water  courses  are  Roaring  River,  Obey's  River,  Flat,  Mart- 
thew's  and  Nettle  Carrier  Creeks.  The  county  lies  largely  on 
the  foothills  of  the  Cumberland  INIountains  and  is  deeply  serrated 
with  coves  and  valleys.  Where  these  are  of  sufficient  extent 
for  farms  the  soil  is  rich  and  productive.  Water  power  is  excel 
lent  and  timber  abundant,  consisting  of  oak,  ic-li,  hickory,  pop- 
lar, walnut,  etc.     Coal  and  iron  both  exist  in  large  quantities 


120  HANT>-BOOK    OF    TRXNESSEE. 

though  but  littledevelopcd.  Tho  principal  sigricultural  products 
are  corn,  tobacco,  wheat,  oats,  the  grasses,  clover  and  stock. 
There  is  an  academy  at  Livingston  and  a  good  school  at  Pond 
Ividge.  All  the  usual  religious  denominations  are  found  in  the 
county  and  the  ordinary  county  taxes  are  levied. 

PERRY  COUNTY 

Lies  in  the  western  portion  of  Middle  Tennessee — the  Ten- 
nessee River  forming  its  western  boundary.  It  is  traversed  by 
Buffalo  River  and  by  a  large  number  of  creeks  which  fall  into 
the  Buffalo  and  Tennessee  Rivers.  These  streams  afford  plenty 
of  water  power.  The  face  of  the  county  is  greatly  diversified 
with  ridges  and  valleys.  The  valleys  are  fertile,  while  the  rid;^es 
generally  have  light  soil.  The  timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of 
beech,  ash,  oak,  chestnut,  poplar,  hickory,  walnut,  etc.  Iron 
ore  exists  in  large  quantities,  but  is  not  at  present  mined.  Lin- 
den is  the  county  seat.  Its  population  is  189.  Other  towns  are 
Lobelville,  Britt's  Landing,  Bardstown  and  Farmer's  Vallev. 
The  principal  products  are  corn,  cotton,  wheat,  oats,  gra.sses,  pea- 
nuts and  stock.  There  are  various  private  schools  of  good  char- 
acter in  the  county.  The  ordinary  county  taxes  are  levied.  The 
religious  denominations  are  those  prevailing  in  the  State. 

PUTNAM  COUNTY. 

Topographically  this  county  is  very  much  like  Overton  coun- 
ty. The  soil,  timber  and  agricultural  products  are  very  similar. 
The  county  site  is  Cookeville,  which  has  279  inhabitants.  Other 
towns  are  Bloomington,  Selby,  Pekin,  and  Double  Springs. 
The  water  courses  are,  Obey's  River,  Spring  Creek,  Calf  Killer 
and  Falling  Water.  Coal  is  mined  for  domestic  use,  about  fifly 
persons  being  engaged  in  the  business.  Iron  exists  also  in  abund- 
ance. Th^re  are  in  the  county  three  academies  and  various  pri- 
vate schools.  About  200  hands  are  employed  in  various  kinds 
of-  manufactures.  The  i-eligious  denominations  are  Baptist. 
Methodist,  Cumberland  Presbyterian  and  Christian.  The  coun- 
ty taxes  are,  for  schools,  20  cents  on  the  SlOO ;  for  roads,  10 
cents  ;  county  purposes,  30  cents. 

PICKET  COUNTY. 

This  is  a  newly  organized  county  lying  on  the  Kentucky  line 
and  on  the  western  base  of  the  Cumberland  Plateau.     The  coun- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  121 

ty  seat  is  B^'rclstown,  which  has iuha!)itant.s.     The  face  of 

the  county  is  much  broken  with  mountain  spurs  and  intervening- 
valleys  and  coves.  The  valleys  and  coves  are  very  fertile.  The 
timber  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality.  Good  water  pow- 
er is  also  plenty.  The  countv  is  well  watered  by  Wolf  and  Obey 
rivers  and  their  tributaries.  Coal  and  iron  are  among  the  min- 
erals of  this  county.  The  local  institutions  are  similar  to  those 
of  surrounding  counties. 

ROBERTSON  COUNTY.  ' 

Springfield  is  the  county  seat.  Population,  854.  Other  towns 
are,  Cross  Plains,  Cedar  Hill,  Cooper  Town,  Turnersville,  Black 
Jack  and  Barren  Plains.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally 
undulating  or  broken.  In  the  southern  and  northern  portions 
there  is  much  level  land. 

The  water  courses  are  Red  River,  Elk  Fork,.  Buzzard,  Sul- 
phur Fork,  Miller's,  Sycamore  and  Carr's  Creeks.  Water  ptjwer 
is  good.  Timber,  such  as  ash,  oak,  poplar,  chestnut,  etc.  The 
principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  tobacco, 
grasses,  clover  and  stock.  There  are  a  number  of  good  schools 
in  the  county.  All  the  churches  usually  found  in  Tennessee 
have  organizations  in  the  county. 

The  taxes  levied  by  the  county  are,  for  schools  per  $100,  10 
cents  ;  road  tax,  15  cents ;  county  purposes,  40  cents. 

The  St.  Louis  and  Southeastei'n  Railroad  passes  through  the 
county. 

RUTHERFORD  COUNTY. 

Murfreesboro  is  the  county  seat ;  population,  3,800.  Other 
towns  are  Lavergne,  Smyrna,  Florence,  Henderson,  Milton, 
Russel,  Salem,  Winsted,  Beverly,  .Readyville,  Carlocksville, 
Versailles  and  Unionville.  The  water  courses  are  Stone's 
River,  Cripple,  Bradley's  Fall,  Spring,  West  Fork,  Lytle's, 
Long,  Overall's,  Stuart's,  and  Henderson  Creeks.  Nearly  all  of 
these  streams  furnish  good  water-power.  Timber  is  good,  con- 
sisting of  hickory,  ash,  oak,  elm,  poplar,  cedar,  lynn,  etc.  The 
surface  of  the  county  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating, 
and  the  soil  good.  The  principal  agricultural  })roducts  are 
cotton,  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  etc. 

The  principal  educational  institutions  are  the  Union  Uni- 
versity,  Soule    Female    College,    and     Murfreesboro    Female 


1122  HANT)-MOOK    OF    TIWNWiSKf:. 

Institute,  besides  g(fud  schools  in  uli  the  villages.  Aboiit 
!i!!ir)(),000  are  invested  in  nianui':i(;tiiring  industricH,  giving 
employment  to  one  hundred  hands.  The  princi[)al  religious  de- 
nominations are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Chri.stian  and 
Episcopalian.  County  taxes  per  $100:  for  schools,  10  cents ; 
for  roads,  5  cents;  for  county  j)urposes,  13  cents.  The  Nashvill** 
and  Chattanooga  Railroad  passes  centrally  through  the  county. 

SMITH  COUNTY. 

County  sejit,  Carthage,  population,  827.  Other  towns,  Rome, 
New  Middleton,  Dixon  Springs,  Gordonsville,  Chestnut  Mound, 
Grantville  and  Montrose. 

Navigable  streams,  Cumberland  and  Caney  Fork  Rivers.  The 
County  is  well  watered  by  many  smaller  streams.  Water-power 
is  abundant.  Timber  plenty,  consisting  of  oak,  liickory, 
chestnut,  poplar,  beech,  walnut,  hard  and  soft  maple,  etc.  The 
surface  of  the  county  is  broken,  containing  many  hills  and 
valleys,  with  a  generally  rich  soil.  The  principal  agricultural 
products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grass,  clover,  tobacco  and 
stock.  There  are  a  number  of  good  schools  in  the  county.  The 
county  taxes  are:  For  schools,  20  cents;  for  roads,  10  cents, 
and  for  county  purposes,  25  cents  on  the  SIOO.  The  various 
churches  common  to  the  State  are  well  represented  in  Smith 
County. 

STEWART  COUNTY. 

This  e©unty  lies  upon  the  Kentucky  line,  and  is  bounded  on 
the  west  by  the  Tennessee  River,  while  the  Cumberland  River 
passes  through  it.  The  Memphis  Branch  of  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad  passes  through  its  southeastern  corner. 
Dover  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  817.  Other 
towns  are  Tobacco  Port,  Lime  Port,  Indian  Mound,  Big  Rock 
and  Cumberland  City.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  numerous 
tributaries  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  Rivers,  and  has 
abundant  water-power.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  broken 
and  hilly  except  in  the  northeastern  quarter  which  is  more 
level.  The  Tennessee  ridge  which  extends  across  the  county 
between  the  two  rivers,  is  a  notable  feature  in  the  topography 
of  the  county.  Much  of  the  county  has  a  fertile  soil,  while 
other  portions  are  inferior.  Timber  is  abundant  and  of  excel- 
lent quality.     Iron  ore  is  found  in  great  abundance  and  is  ex- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  123 

tensively  mined,  two  iron  furnaces  being  in  [operation  in  the 
county,  and  giving  employment  to  about  1,200  hands.  The 
capital  invested  in  these  operations  is  about  ^500,000.  The 
principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grasses 
and  tobacco. 

There  are  a  number  of  good  private  schools  in  the  county. 
The  religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian, 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  and  Christian.  The  county  taxes 
are:  For  schools,  25  cents  ;  for  roads,  10  cents,  and  for  county 
purposes,  80  cents  per  $100. 

SUMNER  COUNTY. 

Gallatin  is  the  county-seat.  Its  population  is  1,938.  Other 
towns  are  Pleasant  Grove,  Hendersonville,  Saundersvijle, 
Mitchellsville,  Brackentown,  Bethpage,  Worsham  and  Castalian 
Springs — a  watering  place.  About  half  the  county  lies  in  the 
central  basin,  and  the  remainder  on  the  Highland  Rim.  The 
portion  within  the  basin  has  an  excellent  soil.  On  the  high- 
lands, though  the  soil  is  not  so  uniformly  good,  there  are  some 
good  farming  lands. 

The  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  tobacco, 
grasses,  and  clover.  Within  the  last  few  years  much  attention 
has  been  given  to  the  cultivation  of  potatoes  for  shipment  to 
northern  markets,  and  the  business  has  been  found  to  be  highly 
remunerative.  Sumner  County  has  long  been  famous  for  the 
attention  given  to  the  rearing  of  fine  stock. 

The  Cumberland  river  forms  for  a  considerable  distance  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  county.  Other  streams  are  Garrett's 
Creek,  Bledsoe  Creek,  Trammel  Creek  and  Caney  Fork.  These 
streams  afford  some  good  water  power.  Timber  of  good  quality 
is  abundant.  Marble  is  said  to  be  found  in  the  county.  There 
are  in  the  county  two  woolen  factories,  one  cotton  factory,  two 
carriage  factories,  one  agricultural  implement  factory  and 
twelve  wagon  factories,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $350,000 
giving  employment  to  500  hands.  The  principal  religious 
denominations  are  Presbyterian,  Catholic,  Methodist,  Christian, 
Baptist  and  Cumberland  Presbyterian.  The  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  The  usual 
county  taxes  are  levied. 

TROUSDALE  COUNTY. 

This  county  lies  within  the  central  basin  but  presents  a  broken 


124  HAND-llOOK    OF    TKNNF.SSKE. 

and  hilly  siirlac  with  very  rich  soil.  Ilartsvillc  is  the  county 
seat  and  has  a  [xipulatiun  of  (>04.  Other  towns  are  Dixon 
Springs  and  Knon  (JollciiC.  The  (Jurnberland  River  forms  the 
southern  boundary.  Other  streams  are  Goose  (.'reek,  with  its 
various  l)ranches.  Water  power  t^ood.  The  ai^ricultural  pro- 
ducts are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grass,  clover,  etc.  There  are 
in  the  county  two  academies  and  a  number  of  good  private 
schools.  The  usual  religious  denominations  prevail.  The  coun- 
ty taxes  are,  for  schools,  20  cents  ;  for  roads,  15  cents  ;  for  coun- 
ty purposes,  30  cents  per  SI 00. 

VAN  BUREN  COUNTY 

Lies  upon  the  Cunibei'land  Plateau  and  upon  the  mountain  spurs 
and  intervening  coves  and  valleys.  It  has  all  the  characteris- 
tics of  that  section  of  the  State ;  the  thin,  sandy  soil  of  the 
Plateau,  and  the  rich,  productive  soil  of  the  valleys  and  coves. 
Spencer  is  the  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  217.  The 
water  courses  are  Caney  Fork  and  Rocky  Rivers  and  Cane  and 
Laurel  Creeks.  These  streams  afford  excellent  water  power. 
Timber  exists  in  large  quantities  and  of  good  quality.  Coal  and 
iron  ore  are  also  abundant.  The  agricultural  productions  are 
corn,wheat,  oats,  rye,  grasses,  clover,  etc. 

The  principal  educational  institution  is  Burritt  College,  though 
there  are  a  number  of  good  schools  in  the  county.  The  usual 
county  taxes  are  levied. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Baptist, 
Presiiyterian  and  Christian. 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

County  seat,  McMiunville;  population,  1,244.  Other  towns 
are  Viola,  Vervilla,  Trousdale,  Jacksboro,  Dibrell,  and  Clar- 
mont. 

Water  coui-ses:  Collins  River,  Rocky  River,  Caney  Fork,  Bar- 
ren Fork,  Mountain,  Laurel,  Charles,  Cane  and  Hickory  Creeks. 
The  water  power  on  these  streams  is  excellent.  A  portion  of 
the  county  lies  on  the  Cumberland  Plateau  and  has  the  charac- 
teristics of  that  section.  The  larger  portion  lying  west  of  the 
Plateau  has  a  rich,  red-clay  soil  and  is  very  productive.  Tim- 
ber is  abundant.  The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  cotton,  rye,  grass,  clover,  fruit,  etc.  ]\Iuch 
stock    is  raised  in    the   countv.      There  is  an  academv  at  Mc- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  125 

Miniiville,  and  good  schools  at  various  localities.  There  are  in 
the  couDty  four  cotton  factories,  one  woolen  factory,  a  number 
of  tanneries,  etc.  The  capital  invested  is  $350,000  and  num- 
ber of  persons  employed,  400.  The  principal  churches  are 
Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian  and  Christian.  The  count v 
taxes  are,  for  schools,  8  ceuts  ;  for  roads,  5  cents  ;  for  c  )unty 
purposes,  20  cents  per  $100. 

The  McMinnviile  and  Mrnchester  Railroad  passes  thfou!;li 
the  county. 

WAYNE  COUNTY 

Lies  on  the  western  portion  of  the  Middle  Tennessee  Plateau. 
The  surface  is  much  cut  with  ravines  and  valleys.  The  general 
character  of  the  soil  is  poor,  but  the  valleys  afford  a  soil  of  great 
fertility.  The  county  seat  is  Waynesboro,  which  has  a  popula- 
tion of  236.  Other  towns  are  Clifton  and  Ashland.  The  coun- 
ty touches  the  Tennessee  River  on  its  northwestern  part.  Other 
streams  are  Buffalo  and  Green  Rivers,  Indian,  Cyprass,  Mill, 
Forty-eight,  Hardin,  Butler  and  Beech  Creeks.  Timber  is  very 
abundant  and  of  great  excellence.  The  minerals  are  iron  in 
large  quantities,  hydraulic  limestone  and  marble.  The  principal 
crops  raised  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  cotton  and  peanuts. 
Much  of  the  land  in  Wayne  county  is  well  suited  for  grazing 
and  considerable  stock  is  raised. 

There  are  good  private  schools  in  various  localities.  The 
usual  county  taxes  are  levied.  '  The  religious  organizations  are 
Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Baptist  and  Christian. 

WHITE  COUNTY. 

Sparta,  which  has  a  population  of  ,  is  the  county  seat. 

Other  towns  are  Bunker  Hill,  Stone  Fort,  Yankee  Town  and 
Key. 

The  water  courses  are  Caney  Fork  River,  Calf  Killer,  Cherry, 
Plum,  Wildcat,  Towns,  Post  Oak,  Fletcher's  and  Falling  Water 
creeks.  These  streams  furnish  excellent  water  power.  Timber 
is  abundant.  The  county  is  divided  between  mountain,  barren 
and  valley  lands,  the  latter  of  which  only  can  be  regarded  as 
fertile.  The  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  grass,  clover, 
fruit,  stock,  cotton  and  tobacco. 

The  principal  educational  institutions  are  Nourse  Seminary, 
Greenwood  Seminary  and  Lion  Institute.    The  county  taxes  are. 


12H  nAND-ROOK    OF    TRNNF.HHRK. 

tor  scIiodIjs,  1.")  cents;  for  ro'.irls,  10  cents,  und  for  county  pnr- 
posas,  oO  cents  on  the  $U)0. 

The  religious  organizations  arc  Methodist,  Presbyterian  and 
Christian. 

The  McMinnville  and  Manchester  Railroad,  in  its  Sparta  ex- 
tension, has  entered  the  southern  border  of  the  county. 

WILLIAMSON  COUNTY. 

County  seat,  Franklin;  population  1,682.  Other  towns  are 
Hillsboro,  Bethcvsda,  College  Grove,  Triune,  Nolensville,  Brent- 
wood, Peytonsville,  Thompson's,  Williamsburg,  Arrington  and 
Boston. 

The  water  courses  are  Harpeth  River  with  its  various  branche.s, 
which  water  the  entire  county  and  flirnish  good  water  power. 
The  county  lies  mainly  within  the  Basin  and  has  an  excellent 
soil.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally  undulating,  some- 
times rising  into  hills  and  knobs. 

The  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  gra.ss, 
clover,  cotton,  fruits  and  stock.  A  great  deal  of  interest  is  taken 
in  blooded  stock.  Williamson  county  is  well  supplied  with 
schools  of  high  character — the  principal  of  which  is  the  Frank- 
lin Female  College.  The  couhty  is  well  supplied  with  Protest- 
ant churches  and  has  a  Catholic  Church  at  Franklin. 

The  county  taxes  are,  for  schools,  10  cents  ;  for  roads,  8  cents  ; 
for  county  purposes,  25  cents  on  the  $100. 

The  Louisville,  Nashville  and  Great  kSouthern  Railroad  passes 
centrally  through  the  county.  The  county  is  well  supplied  with 
timber. 

WILSON  COUNTY. 

Lebanon  is  the  county  seat.  Its  population  is  2,296.  Other 
towns,  Beckwith,  Rural  Plill,  Laguardo,  Caniperton,  Austin, 
Statesville,  Gladeville  and  Greenvale.  The  Cumberland  River 
forms  the  northern  boundary  of  the  county.  Other  streams  arc 
Cedar,  Spring,  Barton,  Spencer,  Cedar  Lick,  Stone's,  Suggs,  Hur- 
ricane and  Fall  Creeks.  The  county  lies  within  the  basin  and 
has  a  fertile  soil.  The  surface  is  diversified  with  hills  and  val- 
leys. 

The  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  grass,  clo- 
ver, fruits  and  stock.  There  is  a  barrel  and  stave  factory  at 
Lebanon.  Cumberland  University  is  located  at  Lebanon,  be- 
sides academies  and  seminaries  at  various  points. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  127 

The  Tennessee  and  Pacific  Railroad  runs  from  Nashville  to 
Lebanon. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Baptist,  Cumber- 
land Presbyterian,  Christian  and  Methodist. 

The  county  taxes  are,  for  schools,  15  cents;  for  roads,  10  ©ents  ; 
for  county  purposes,  25  cents  on  the  SIOO. 


IDDLE  TENNESSEE 


TABLE  No.  1. 

Showing  Total  Area  oj  each  Counti/,  (Quantity  oj  Improved  Land, 
Average  Value  per  Acre  of  Improved  Land  in  the  County 
ropuldfio)!  and  Value  of  Property  Assef<-'<ed  for  Taxen. 


COUNTV. 


Bedford  

(.'aniion 

Cheatham  . . 

Clay 

ColTee 

Cmnbevland 
Davidson. . . . 

DeKalb 

Dickson 

Fentress 

Franklin 

Giles 

Gi'imdy 

Hickman 

Houston.. ... 
Humphreys 

Jackson  

Lawrence  ... 

Lewis 

Lincoln  

Macon 

Marshall  .... 

Maury 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Overton 

Perry 

Putnam 

Robertson... 
liutherf  ord . 

Smith 

Stewart 

Sumner 

Trousdale . . . 
VanBuren... 

WaiTen 

Wayne 

White 

Williamson. 
Wilson 


Ola!  Area. 

Iniprovi-i! 

~ 

•^S^ 

o^?: 

L;nul 

r. 

"=-■? 

W-^H 

5 

r:  £  1 

•S^c 

^ 

=  "" 

< 

;^3L',800 

203.511 

26,027 

•$.5, 183,  .560 

f!l4  07 

140,800 

75,682 

11.8.59 

1,2.58,480 

7  00 

236,800 

44,886 

7,9.55 

837,5.53 

5  53 

l(;(?.40O 

45.247 

6,987 

954,896 

4  46 

1!)2,00() 

78,792 

12,894 

1,3.59.630 

4  25 

141, (JOO 

15,869 

4,538 

381,141 

80 

320,  (HKt 

167,387 

79,137 

23.910,290 

31  2.-'. 

192,000 

76,308 

14,814 

1,01.5.416 

3  12 

4(«,2O0 

63,377 

12,460 

1,627,667 

7  19 

320,000 

41,71." 

5,941 

337.206 

69 

377,t!0O 

99.272 

17,178 

1,767,417 

3  98 

377,000 

194,479 

36,016 

4,587,977 

8  82 

2.5«,300 

15.485 

4,592 

429,800 

1  02 

390,400 

76.215 

12,093 

1.142.336 

3  10 

16(;,400 

21,660 

4.295 

1,581,730 

3  77 

288,000 

57,432 

11,379 

399.844 

2  00 

179,200 

63,441 

12,008 

1.094.198 

5  72 

377,600 

50,352 

10,3'^3 

944,739 

2  29 

230,400 

12,399 

2,181 

243,901 

1  64 

345,600 

172,741 

20,960 

3.822,400 

8  41 

179,200 

64,342 

9.274 

835,211 

4  11 

224,000 

132,513 

19,260 

3,030,370 

11  32 

367.600 

242,240 

39,945 

8,125,190 

12  83 

34.5,600 

150,009 

28,401 

4,850,930 

7  09 

172,800 

41.S90 

6.233 

636,453 

7  54 

345,600 

80,813 

12,153 

657,246 

2  01 

256,000 

37,172 

7,174 

242.984 

3  43 

294,400 

6.5,339 

11.501 

965,270 

3  76 

320,000 

165,902 

18.862 

.3.117,670 

8  21 

377,600 

213,457 

36,741 

6.713,700 

13  04 

230,400 

127.110 

17.799 

2.933.000 

12  05 

320,000 

50,960 

12.090 

1,127,384 

4  03 

339,200 

173,627 

23,625 

4.160,9.55 

9  57 

115,200 

44.657 

6,646 

539,521 

11  10 

217.600 

19,003 

2,933 

237.132 

1  81 

281.600 

100,524 

14,079 

1,713,304 

5  03 

473,600 

59.0.56 

11,301 

1.110,740 

2  62 

281,600 

77,163 

11.170 

1,120.794 

3  78 

345,600 

177,050 

28.313 

5,. 599, 952 

12  02 

262,400 

196,180 

28,748 

5,075,380 

11  00 

LIVE  STOCK. 


TABLE  No.  2. 

Showing    Toial  Ntnnher  of  Live  Stock  in   each   Coiiniy. 


Bedford  

Cannon  

Cheatham 

Clay 

Coffee 

Cumberland 

Davidson 

DeKalb 

Dickson 

Fentress 

Franklin 

Giles 

Grundy 

Hickman 

Houston 

Hum^ahreys 

Jackson  

Lawrence. 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Marshall 

Maury 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Overton .. 

Peny 

Putnam 

Robertson 

Rutherford 

Smith 

Stewart 

Sumner* 

Ti'ousdale 

VanBuren 

"JiVarren 

Wayne 

White 

Williamson 

Wilson 


11,426 
4,839 
2,421 
2,104 
4,024 
1,138 
9,982 
4,477 
3,760 
1,505 
4,584 
11,123 
767 
4,688 
1,275 
3,808 
3,479 
2,742 
750 
9,325 
3,247 
9,344 
15,999 
6,849 
2,350 
3,722 
2,462 
3,406 
6.581 
13,944 
7,085 
3,931 
9,607 
2,845 
818 
4,548 
3,700 
3,625 
11,442 
15,  502 


14,188 
6,367 
4,250 
2,684 
5,866 
4,498 
14,9.53 
10,995 
7.970 
.5,403 
7,906 
15,126 
2,2.52 
7,779 
2,436 
7  548 
6,495 
5,663 
1.471 
14,090 
4,833 
9.808 
1.5,421 
8,690 
.3,160 
8,9.57 
4,806 
5,645 
6,824 
16,526 
8,623 
7,015 
13,423 
3,397 
2,190 
6,815 
7,990 
8,208 
12,906 
16,285 


l6,020 
6,327 
3,107 
4,693 
7,335 
6,612 
14,435 
7,057 
.5,640 
5,231 
6,296 
12,6.51 
2,006 
8,568 
2,242 
6,9.30 
6,727 
6,310 
1,923 
11,969 
6,031 
10,118 
19,066 
7,518 
2,741 
10,044 
4, 799 
7,556 
7,697 
14,481 
10,234 
4,707 
16,729 
.3,799 
2,6.32 
8,048 
9,405 
6,003 
15,809 
18.795 


46,2,52 
27,917 
14,514 
12,708 
20,809 
15,990 
32,749 
27,796 
22,670 
12,971 
25,373 
46,762 
7,763 
25,464 
7,872 
22,062 
22,324 
18,936 
4,267 
42,415 
15.866 
37,815 
.■53,851 
40,393 
10,9a7 
22,816 
16,764 
2,107 
28,528 
45, 775 
31,187 
22,945 
31,187 
10,825 
8,  .558 
21,913 
22.078 
22,654 
43,132 
49,583 


PRODUCTION  OF  CEREALS, 


TABLE  No.  3. 

Shoxoing  the   Cereal  Productions  in  Bushels,  by   (Joiinties. 


County. 


Bedford 

Cannon 

Cheatham 

Clay 

Coffee 

Cumberland. . 

Davidson 

DeKalb 

Dickson 

Fentress 

Franklin 

Giles 

Gnindy 

Hickman 

Houston 

Hiimphreys. . 

Jackson 

Lawrence 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Marshall 

Manrj^ 

Montgomery. 

Moore 

Overton 

Peny 

Putnam 

Robertson 

Rutherford... 

Smith 

Stewart 

Sumner 

Trousdale 

VanBuren 

Warren 

Waj'ne 

White 

Williamson... 
Wilson 


m 


108 


:j,830 

149 

30 


1110 


V.)'l 


173 
'183 
1070 


165 

6270 

41'0 

300 


125 


2472 
590 

688 


759 
84 


^>^ 


4;t!t 
i22i; 


122 


207 
247 
326 


117 

275 

84 


28 
165 


213 


1,682, 

821 

457 

412 

658 

127 

1,436 

863 

616 

210 

475 

1,.545 

114 

828 

231 

826 

683 

434 

114 

1,2.52 

436 

1,176 

2,177 

1,2.36 

327 

550 

423 

511 

793 

1,.590 

1,071 

778, 

917 

396 

139 

670 

583 

637 

1,439 

1.806 


358 
012 
189 
287 
293 
636 
582 
207 
422 
416 
293 
605 
758 
117 
311 
941 
019 
215 
010 
919 
804 
.536 
071 
561 
956 
091 
461 
610 
702 
855 
050 
404 
940 
384 
070 
848 
305 
143 
445 
262 


x 

e 

a 

t>> 

o 

6145 

87,408 

22,802 

6985 

42,297 

96 

1.5,205 

1901 

34,160 

4040 

10,826 

3418 

133,807 

3939 

21,202 

4043 

50, 735 

555 

15,524 

1282 

71,980 

1282 

33.289 

5020 

8,507 

654 

42,488 

1221 

13,846 

24,  .521 

177 

28,714 

4153 

30,097 

1684 

4,808 

281 

37,909 

1641 

34,581 

1338 

.59,. 56  7 

2051 

91,4.52 

1513 

86,026 

1154 

14,739 

992 

32,953 

2931 

23,874 

565 

24,160 

3289 

115,678 

311 

74,794 

3793 

47,240 

3228 

26,629 

99 

95,081 

3708 

26,197 

878 

6.008 

492 

.51,613 

2173 

27,442 

2514 

24.811 

2837 

585,522 

2265 

132,  .506 

4869 

257,425 

94.1.50 

18,036 

34,424 

.58,1.55 

2,797 

157,  .530 

75,803 

45,318 

11,092 

13.5,816 

190,205 

7,855 

37,491 

9,062 

25,371 

40,294 

43,331 

4,824 

275,463 

31,495 

172,584 

271, .592 

148,534 

66,866 

400,1.51 

16,051 

42,033 

134,426 

172,997 

104,945 

34,8.55 

140,895 

37,284 

13,007 

66,163 

40,038 

44,653 

315,966 

188,. 540 


WEST  TENNESSEE. 


The  portion  of  the  State  lying  between  the  Tennessee  and  the 
Mississippi  rivers,  and  known  as  West  Tennessee,  has  already 
been  described  in  its  general  geological  and  topographical  fea. 
tares.  This  section,  with  fewer  mineral  resources  than  either 
East  or  Middle  Tennessee,  possesses,  in  its  agricultural  advan- 
tages, the  elements  of  a  boundless  prosperity.  Its  timber,  its 
soil,  with  its  adaptation  to  the  production  of  almost  every  article 
needful  for  man,  mark  it  as  a  region  of  country  calculated  for 
the  support  of  a  dense  population.     The  counties  are: 


Benton, 

Hardeman, 

Madison, 

Carroll, 

Hardin, 

McNairy, 

*Chester, 

Haywood, 

Obion, 

Crockett, 

Henderson, 

fPerry, 

Decatur, 

Henry, 

Shelby, 

Dyer, 

Lake, 

Tipton, 

Fayette, 

Lauderdale, 

Weakley. 

Gibson, 

These  will  now  be  described  separately. 
BENTON  COUNTY. 

Camden  is  the  county  seat;  population  200.  Other  towns: 
Chaseville,  Coxburg,  Big  Sandy,  West  Danville  and  Eva.  To. 
pography,  broken  and  hilly,  intersected  with  river  and  creek 
bottoms. 

Soil :    Hills  argillacious,  bottoms  sandy  and  black  loam. 

Navigable  streams:  Tennessee  River  forms  Eastern  boundary 
for  forty -four  miles. 

Other  streams:  Morgan's  Creek,  Eagle  Creek,  Byrdsong 
Creek,  Cypress  Creek,  Harman's  Creek,  Crooked  Creek,  Lick 
Creek,  Cotton's  Creek,  Ramble  Creek,  Rushing's  Creek  and 
Sugar  Creek. 

Water  power:  Sandy  River  is  good.  Other  streams  for 
part  of  the  year. 

♦Recently  organized. 

tLies  east  of  Tennessee  River,  but  is  included  in  the  district  of  West  Tennessee. 


132  IIAM)-IU)<)K    or    TICNNE8SEE. 

Kailroiuls:    N.,  ('.  t\:St.  !>.,  mid  Mcnipliis  tV    Ldiiisvilic  j)af-s 
tlii()ujj,li  the  coiiiity. 

Timber:     Ahiiiidaiii,   oak,   poplar,   hickory,  ;^iim,   Ix-ccli,  cy- 
})rcss  and  other  varieties. 

Minerals:    Some  iron  near  the  Tennessee  River,  and   marlile 
on  Byrdsong  Creek,  but  both  undeveloped. 

Princii)al  agricultural  products:   Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  rye  and  peanuts. 

Manufactures:  One  tobacco  factory,  with  capital  of  SIO.OOO, 
em])loying  15  hands. 

Educational  institutions:  Academy  at  Camden. 

Religious  denominations:  Methodist,  Baptist,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian  and  Christian. 

Taxes :  The  rate  of  tax  for  county  purposes  is  20  cents  per 
$100;  school  tax,  10  cents;  road  tax,  10  cents. 

CARROLL  COUNTY. 

Carroll  county  is  abundantly  supplied  with  timber  of  excel- 
lent quality,  consisting  of  hickory,  oak  (all  varieties),  poplar, 
gum,  beech,  &c. 

There  is  a  plow^ factory  at  Trezevant,  a  number  of  saw  and 
planing  mills,  at  various  points,  and  flouring  mills,  &c. 

The  general  toi)ography  of  the  county  is  undulating  and 
broken,  with  considerable  plateaus  of  comparatively  level 
country. 

The  county  is  very  well  watered  with  numerous  creeks, 
among  which  are  Big  Sandy,  with  numerous  tributaries  in  the 
easterii  part  of  the  county,  having  a  general  northern  direction, 
and  emptying  into  the  Tennessee  River.  The  other  principal 
streams  are  Rutherford's  and  South  Fork  of  Obion  River, 
Ready,  Beaver,  Gwinn's,  Crooked  and  various  other  creeks, 
which,  uniting  in  the  western  half  of  the  county,  form  the 
Obion  River,  affording,  in  their^courses,  numerous  mill  sites. 

The  agricultural  productions  of  the  county  are  greatly  diver- 
sified, consisting  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  tobacco,  Irish 
potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  sorghum  and  rye. 

The  educational  institutions  are,  Trezevant  High  School, 
McKenzie  College,  Bethel  College  (also  at  McKenzie),  Hunt- 
ingdon High  School,  West  Tennessee  Seminary  (at  Hollow 
Rock),  Macedonia  Academy,  Buena  Vista  Academy  and  Clarks- 
ville  Academy. 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  133 

The  county  seat  is  HuntiDgf^on,  with  a  population  of  646. 

Other  towns  in  the  county  are,  Hollow^  Rock,  Marlboro, 
BuenaA^'ista,  Clarksburg,  Lavlnia,  Atwood,  Trezevant,  McLeni- 
onsville  and  McKenzie 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are,  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterians, Methodists,  Baptists  and  Christians. 

The  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  the 
Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  pass 
through  the  county 

CHESTER  COUNTY. 

This  is  a  newly  organized  county,  not  given  on  the  map.  It 
is  formed  of  fractions  taken  from  the  counties  of  Madison,  Hen- 
derson, McNairy  and  Hardeman,  and  partakes  of  the  topo- 
graphical and  pother  characters  of  those  counties.  Henderson 
is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of . 

The  Mabile  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  the  county. 


CROCKET  COUNTY. 

The  eastern  ])ortion  of  this  county  is  somewhat  hilly,  while 
the  western  part  is  level. 

The  soil  is  generally  very  good,  being  a  sandy  loam,  resting 
upon  a  clay  subsoil. 

The  county  is  well  timbered,  the  western  portion  especially, 
containing  much  valuable  poplar  and  white  oak.  These  furnish 
the  material  for  business  in  lumber  and  staves,  which  are  rafted 
down  the  Forked  Deer  River,  and  find  a  market  at  New  Orleans. 

The  principal  streams  are  the  South  and  North  forks  of  the 
Forked  Deer  River,  the  former  of  which  is  navigable. 

Alamo  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  276. 

Other  towns  are  Bell's  Depot,  Friendship,  Gadsden,  Chestnut 
Bluff  and  Maury  City. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay, 
cotton,  Irish  potatoes  and  sweet  potatoes.  Small  fruits,  such  as 
strawberries,  raspberries  and  plums,  are  cultivated  in  some  lo- 
calities, to  considerable  extent,  and  have  proved  highly  remu- 
nerative. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are,  Baptists,  Metho- 
dists, Presbyterians  and  Christians. 


134  HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE. 

Tax  for  county  purposes,  40  cents  per  $100;  school  tax,  20 
cents ;  road  tax,  5  cents. 

DECATUR  COUNTY. 

Decaturville  is  the  county  seat;  population  252.  (Jther  towns 
are  Perry ville,  Etna  and  Sugar  Tree.  The  Tennessee  River 
forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  county.  Beech  River  and 
various  smaller  streams  pass  through  the  county.  A  por- 
tion of  the  county  lies  within  th*  valley  of  the  Tennessee  River, 
and  is  very  fertile.  The  other  streams  also  have  fertile  valleys. 
The  uplands  are  sandy,  but  reasonably  productive.  The  princi- 
pal crops  are  corn,  cotton,  wheat,  oats  and  peanuts.  Timber  is 
abundant.  There  is  some  good  water  power.  The  county  con- 
tains rich  deposits  of  iron  ore,  not  now  Avorked.  The  religious 
organizations  are  those  common  to  the  State.  The  usual  county 
taxes  are  levied.  • 

DYER  COUNTY. 

Topography:  Western  portion  in  Mississippi  bottom,  level 
and  subject  to  overflow.  The  bottom  is  bordered  by  a  line  of 
hills.     The  eastern  half  is  level,  or  gently  undulating. 

Character  of  soil:  Generally  fertile. 

Dyersburg  is  the  county  seat;  population  1010. 

Other  towns:  Newbern,  Trimble  and  Finley. 

Navigable  streams :  The  Forked  Deer  and  Obion  rivers. 

Other  streams :      Lewis'  Creek,  Pond  Creek  and  Coon  Creek. 

Timber:  There  is  much  valuable  timber,  consisting  of  poplar, 
cypress,  white  oak,  walnut,  ash,  Cottonwood  and  maple. 

Principal  agricultural  products:  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cot- 
ton, Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes  and  sorghum. 

Manufacturing  establishments :  Seven  saw  mills,  four  flouring 
mills,  one  chair  factory,  two  planing  mills  and  one  tobacco 
factory. 

Religious  denominations:  Baptist,  Methodist,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian,  Presbyterian  and  Christian. 

Educational  institutions:  Normal  Institute  at  Newbern 
County  Acaden)y  and  Gordon's  High  School  at  Dyersburg. 

Taxes:  County  tax,  80  cents;  road  tax,  10  cents;  school  tax, 
15  cents  per  SI 00. 

Railroads:  The  Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  Southwestern  Rail-* 
road  passes  through  the  county. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE^  135 

FAYETTE  COUNTY. 

The  soil  is  generally  a  dark  loam  in  the  southern  part,  resting 
on  a  red  clay  subsoil,  but  in  the  western  portion  of  the  county 
the  subsoil  is  of  a  lighter  color.  The  northern  half  of  the 
county  is  level,  but  the  southern  half  is  rolling. 

Somerville,  the  county  town,  has  a  population  of  834. 

Besides  Somerville,  there  are  six  other  towns  in  the  county, 
to- wit:  LaGrange,  Moscow,  Rossville,  Macon,  Oakland  and 
Hickory  Wythe. 

The  county  is  watered  by  the  Loosa  Hatchie  and  the  north 
fork  of  Wolf  River,  which  are  both  good  mill  streams. 

Timber  is  abundant,  and  of  good  quality,  consisting  of  oak, 
poplar,  hickory,  ash,  cypress,  gum,  &c. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  cotton,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes  and  rye. 

Its  educational  institutions  are  the  Somerville  Female  Insti- 
tute and  the  Williston  Academy. 

The  rate  of  tax  for  county  purposes  is  30  cents  per  $100; 
road  tax,  15  cents;  school  tax,  10  cents. 

The  religious  denominations  are  Baptist,  Methodist,  Cumber- 
land Presbyterian,  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian  and  Christian. 

Railroads :  The  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad  passes 
through  the  southern  portion  of  the  county,  and  a  branch  road 
runs  t^  Somerville,  and  the  Memphis  branch  of  the  L,  &.  N 
Railroad  passes  through  the  northwestern  corner. 

GIBSON  COUNTY. 

Topography:  Eastern  portion  undulating  or  hilly,  western 
part  level. 

Character  of  soil :  The  hilly  portions  argillacious,  and  the 
level  parts  loamy. 

Trenton  is  the  county  seat;  population,  1383. 

Other  towns :  Milan,  Humboldt,  Medina,  Dyer  Station,  Ruth- 
erford Station,  Kenton  Station,  Bradford  Station,  Idlewild, 
Yorkville,  Eaton  and  Brazil. 

Water  courses:  Rutherford's  Fork  of  Obion  River,  Little 
North  Fork  and  Middle  Foi'k  of  Forked  Deer  River. 

Water  power:  Sufficient  for  mill  purposes. 

Timber:  Abundant,  consisting  of  oak,  poplar,  gum,  maple, 
walnut^  ash,  hickory,  chestnut,  &c. 


136  HAND-nOOK    OF    TRNNKflHKE. 

Afiriciiltural  jn-o'-lucts:  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  to- 
bacco, Irish  j)otato(!S,  sweet  potatoc^s,  sorghum  and   ry<-. 

Educational  institutions:  I.  O.  O.  F.  Female  College,  at 
Humb  )]dt,  Milan  College  and  other  good  schools. 

Manufactures:  Three  buggy  and  wagon  factories,  one  woolen 
mill,  two  plow  factories,  and  one  cotton  compress,  and  a  number 
of  saw  mills  and  flouring  mills.    Number  of  hands  employed,  120- 

Religious  denominations:  Methodist,  Baptist,  Cumberland 
and  O.  S.  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  Christian  and  Catholic. 

Taxes:  County,  40  cents;  school,  ;i5  cents,  and  road  tax  10 
©ents  per  $100. 

The  Memphis  branch  ofthe  L.  &  N.,  the  Mobile  &  Ohio,  and 
the.  Chicago,  Ht.  Louis  &  New  Orleans  Railroads  all  pass 
through  the  county. 

HARDEMAN  COUNTY. 

The  eastern  and  central  portions  of  the  county  are  broken 
and  somewhat  hilly.  The  western  portion  is  generally  level. 
The  soil  in  the  western  half  h  an  argillaeious  loam,  while  the 
prevailing  character  in  the  east  is  a  sandy  loam.     Bolivar  is  the 

county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of .     Other  towns  in  the 

county  are  Toons,  Middloburg,  Hickory  Valley,  Grand  Junc- 
tion, Saulsbury,  U  Bet,  Middleton,  Pocahontas,  Crainsville,  New 
Castle,  Whiteville,  Cedar  Chapel  and  Cloverport.  H^tchie 
River  runs  through  the  county,  and  affords  steamboat  naviga- 
tion to  Bolivar.  The  county  is  well  watered  with  numerous 
creeks,  among  which  Piuey,  Porter's  Creek,  Pleasant  Run  and 
Spring  Creek  afford  good  water  power. 

Timber  is  abundant,  consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  ash,  pine  gum, 
walnut,  cypress,  poplar,  etc.  The  principal  agricultural  pro- 
ducts are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet 
potatoes,  sorghum  and  rye. 

There  is  a  woolen  mill  near  Bolivar,  with  a  capital  of  S7,o00, 
employing  ten  hands. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Episcopalians,  Pres- 
byterians, ]>aptists  and  Christians. 

County  t-.i::,  20  cents  per  SlOO  ;  school  tax,  10  cents ;  road 
tax,  .")  cents. 

Railroads:  The  C.iicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  county. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  137 

HARDIN  COUNTY. 

About  three-fourths  of  the  county  is  comparatively  level,  with 
undulating  slopes.  The  remainder  consists  of  low  hills,  with 
fertile  valleys  intervening.  The  uplands  have  a  light  sandy 
soil,  resting  upon  a  substratum  of  clay. ,  The  valleys  are  sandy 
and  alluvial. 

Savannah,  which  is  located  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Tennessee 
River,  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  1006.  Other 
towns  in  the  county  are  Hamburg,  Pittsburg,- Coffee  Landing, 
Cerro  Gordo  and  Saltillo. 

The  Tennessee  River  runs  centrally  through  the  county  from 
south  to  north.  Indian  Creek,  Horse  Creek,  Hardin's  Creek, 
Turkey  Creek,  Chamber's  Creek,  Lick  Creek,  Mud  Creek  and 
White  Oak  Creek  water  various  sections  of  the  county  and  flow 
into  the  Tennessee  River.  Some  of  these  streams,  especially 
Indian  and  Horse  creeks,  afford  magnificent  water  power. 

Hardin  County  is  well  supplied  with  valuable  timber,  includ- 
ing pine,  poplar,  oak,  hickory,  gum,  wild  cherry,  etc.  The  soil 
of  Hardin  County  produces  freely  of  the  crops  common  to  Ten- 
nessee, as  follows:  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  Irish  potatoes, 
sweet  potatoes,  sorghum,  rye  and  peanuts. 

Its  educational  interests  are  represented  by  Hardin  College, 
located  at  Savannah,  and  other  schools. 

The  tax  for  county  purposes  is  20  cente  on  §100  ;  school  tax, 
20  cents  ;  road  tax,  5  cents;  and  bridge  tax,  15  cents. 

The  principal  religious  denominations  are  Methodist,  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  and  Baptist. 

HAYWOOD   COUNTY. 

The  county  is  generally  level  or  gentlj^  undulating.  The  soil 
is  a  sandy  loam  and  very  productive.  Timber  is  abundant  and 
of  good  quality,  consisting  of  hickory,  ash,  gum,  poplar,  walnut 
and  numerous  other  varieties.  The  navigable  streams  are  Big 
Hatchie  and  Forked  Deer  rivers.  Other  streams  are  Big 
Muddy,  Lagum,  Mud  Creek  and  Sugar  Creek.  These  streams 
afford  fair  water  powders. 

Brownsville  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  2564. 
Other  towns  are  Dancyville,  Stanton,  Woodville  and  Wellwood. 
The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay, 
cotton,  Irisji  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes  and  rye, 


l.'Jy  HAND-BOOK    OF   TKNNKSSEE. 

All  kinds  of  fruits  and  vegetables  common  to  the  State,  do 
well  in   Haywood  dounty. 

The  J5ai)tist  Female  College  and  Wesleyan  Female  Institute 
are  located  at  J^rownsville. 

A  cotton  mill  is  located  at  Brownsville,  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$120,000,  James  A.  Rogers,  President.  It  consumes  1200  bales 
of  cotton  annually. 

The  county  contains  all  the  religious  denominations  common 
to  the  State. 

Rate  of  tax  for  county  purposes,  thirty  cents  per  §100 ;  road 
tax,  ten  cents  and  school  tax  ten  cents. 

The  Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Rail 
road  passes  through  the  county. 

HENDERSON    COUNTY. 

Lexington,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  329.  The 
eastern  portion  of  the  county  is  quite  broken,  but  the  western 
portion  is  more  level.  Besides  the  county  seat,  there  are  several 
Villages  in  the  county  to  wit:  Wildersville,  Scott's  Hill,  Jack's 
Creek,  Newsom,  Mifflin  and  Sardis.  The  soil  except  on  the 
ridges  is  very  productive.  The  principal  streams  are  Big  Sandy, 
Beech  River  and  Forked  Deer.  Timber  is  abundant  and  of 
good  quality.  Some  of  the  streams  afford  fair  water  power. 
Henderson  County  contains  large  deposits  of  green  sand  or 
marl,  which  is  valuable  as  a  fertilizer.  There  are  some  good 
schools  in  the  county,  and  the  usual  religious  organizations. 

HENRY  COUNTY. 

Topograjiliy :  Northwestern  portion  level ;  other  portions 
broken  with  wide  bottoms.  Character  of  soil :  hills,  argillacious 
"Valleys,  sandy  loam,  fertile.  County  seat,  Paris ;  population,  1767. 
Other  towns,  Como,  Cottage  Grove,  Conyersville,  Buchanan, 
Springville,  j\Iansfield,  Manly ville,  Henry  Station. 

Navigable  streams,  Tennessee  River  on  eastern  border. 

Other  streams.  Big  Sandy,  AYest  Sandy,  Middle  and  North 
forks  of  Obion  River,  Baily  Fork,  Bear  Creek  and  other  smaller 
streams. 

Water  power :  All  the  streams  named  furnish  good  water 
power.  . 

Timber,   abundant ;   poplar,   oak,    cyjjress,    chestnut,    maple 
elm,  etc. 


HAND-BOOK    OE   TENNESSEE.  139 

Minerals,  marble  and  iron  ;  not  now  worked. 

Principal  agricultural  products,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton, 
tobacco,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  rye  and  peanuts. 

Principal  religious  deneminatious :  Baptists,  Presbyterians 
Methodists  and  Christians. 

Educational  institutions :      Several  academies  in  the  county. 

Taxes :  County  tax,  ten  cents  per  $100 ;  school  tax,  fifteen 
cents  ;  road  tax,  ten  cents. 

Manufactures  :  There  are  in  the  county  three  cotton  fac- 
tories, one  flouring  mill,  two  carriage  factories,  three  tobacco 
factories  and  one  woolen  mill.  Capital  invested  (estimated)? 
$200,000.     Number  of  hands  employed  (estimated),  200. 

The  Memphis  branch  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Rail 
road  passes  through  the  county. 

LAKE  COUNTY. 

Topography,  level,  lying  between  Mississippi  River  on  tJie 
west  and  Reelfoot  Lake  on  the  east.  Character  of  soil,  alluvial, 
mixed  with  sand. 

County  seat,  Tiptonville ;  population,  946.  Navigable 
streams,  Mississippi  River  bounds  it  on  the  west.  Other  streams, 
none.     Reelfoot  Lake  bounds  it  on  the  east. 

Timber,  cottonwood,  gum  and  cypress  abundant. 

Agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  Irish 
potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  rye  and  barley. 

Religious  denominations.  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Presbyterian. 

Taxes  :  County,  twenty-five  cents ;  road  tax,  fifteen  cents,  and 
school  tax,  ten  cents  per  $100. 

LAUDERDALE    COUNTY. 

Topography :  The  western  portion  lying  in  the  Mississippi 
bottom  is  level.     The  central  and  eastern  portions  broken. 

Character  of  soil,  alluvial. 

County  seat,  Ripley  ;  population,  353. 

Other  towns,  Durhamville,  Henning,  Fulton  and  Double 
Bridges. 

Navigable  streams,  Big  Hatchie,  and  on  the  western  border, 
the  Mississippi  River. 

Other  streams.  Cold  Creek  and  Cane  Creek. 

Timber  is  abundant  and  of  finest  quality,  including  waluut, 
ash,  hickory,  poplar,  oak,  pecan,  cypress,  sugar,  maple,  gum,  elm, 
sycamore  and  other  varieties. 


140  HAND-BOOK    OF    TFNNEHSEK. 

Principal  agricultural  products,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  tohac- 
co,  cotton,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes  and  barley. 

Religious  denominations,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian,  Presbyterian  and  Christian. 

Taxes :  county  tax,  40  cents  per  $100  ;  road  tax,  10  cents. 

Railroads :  The  Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  Southwestern  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  county. 

MADISON  COUNTY. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  gently  undulating,  in  some 
parts  liilly  with  some  broad  alluvial  bottoms.  The  soil  is  a 
sandy  loam  with  clay  subsoil,  and  is  generally  fertile,  and  has 
many  fine  farms  and  well  improved  homes. 

The  county  is  well  timbered  with  oak,  poplar,  hickory,  ash, 
walnut,  beech  and  various  other  kinds  of  timber.  "NVat^r  is 
abundant  and  good. 

The  Forked  Deer  River,  which  flows  through  the  county,  is 
navigable  for  small  steamers.  Besides  this  there  are  many 
streams  of  smaller  size  some  of  which  aiford  very  good  water 
power. 

Jackson,  the  county  seat,  is  a  thriving  little  city  of  5877  in- 
habitants. 

Other  towns  and  villages  are,  Pinson,  Medon,  Carroll,  Oak- 
iield.  Spring  Creek,  Claybrook,  Denmark,  Harrisburg,  Hun- 
tersville,  Mason's  Grove  and  Beech  Grove. 

Good  potter's  clay  and  tripoli  are  found  in  the  county. 
The  principal  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay, 
cotton,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,   rye   and   syrup.     Besides 
these,  fruits  and    vegetables  are   grown    in   great   variety  and 
abundance. 

Madison  county  has  an  oil  mill  (cotton  seed)  at  Jackson,  a 
pottery  at  Pinson,  an  ice  factory  at  Jackstni,  planing  mills  and  a 
number  of  saw  and  grist  mills.  The  shops  of  the  N.  O.,  St.  T,. 
tt  C.  R.  R.,  and  M.  &  O.  R.  R.,  are  located  at  Jackson. 

The  educational  institutions  of  the  county  are,  the  South- 
western Baptist  University,  the  Memphis  Conference  Feinale 
Institute,  the  Medon  High  School  and  St.  Mary's  Institute. 

The  tax  for  county  purposes  is  40  cents  j)er  .^100 ;  school  tax, 
10  cents ;  and  road  tax,  5  cents. 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  141 

About  $500,000  is  invested  in  manufacturing,  giving  employ- 
ment to  500  persons. 

Two  railroads  pass  through  the  county — the  New  Orleans,  St. 
Louis  and  Chicago,  and  the  Mobile  and  Ohio — affording  abund- 
ant facilities  for  transportation. 

McNAIRY  COUNTY. 

The  county  is  divided  by  a  range  of  uplands,  running  cen- 
trally through  it  from  north  to  south,  with  an  eastern  and  a 
western  slope.  These  slopes  are  divided  into  small  valleys  by 
spurs  which  run  out  from  either  side  of  the  central  ridge.  The 
soil  of  the  highlands  is  argillacious  and  sandy ;  that  of  the  val- 
leys a  sandy  loam  and  very  productive.  Purdy  is  the  county 
seat.  Its  population  is  243.  Adamsville,  Bethel,  Falcon,  Mc- 
Nairy,  Montezuma,  Ramer,  Stantonville  and  Chewalla  are  located 
in  the  county. 

McNairy  County  is  well  supplied  with  timber,  consisting  of 
oak,  cypress,  poplar,  yellow  pine,  gum,  walnut,  hickory,  etc. 
The  county  is  watered  with  numerous  creeks,  among  which  may 
be  named  Cypress,  Tuscumbia,  Snake,  White  Oak,  Muddy,  Ox- 
ford, Owl,  Huggins,  Sugar,  Lick  and  Mud  creeks. '  The  ma- 
jority of  these  streams  furnish  very  good  water  power  for  ma- 
chinery. The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  runs  through  the 
western  half  of  the  county. 

The  principal  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton,  Irish 
potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  sorghum  and  rye. 

The   principal  religious  bodies  are  Methodists,  Cumberland 
Presbyterians,  Christians  and  Baptists. 

There  are  two  high  schools  in  the  oounty — one  at  Purdy  and 
the  other  at  Montezuma. 

County  tax,  30  cents  on  $100  ;  school  tax,  20  cents  ;  and  road 
tax,  5  cents. 

The  green  sand  spoken  of  in  Plendersmi  Coiuify  is  very  abun- 
dant in  McNairy. 

OBION  COUNTY. 

Obion  County  is  generally  level,  though  in  some  localities  con- 
siderable hills  are  found.  The  soil  is  a  dark  loam,  with  clay 
subsoil,  and  very  fertile.  Troy,  the  county  town,  has  a  popula- 
tion  of  341.       Other   towns  are  Union  City,  Rives,  Kenton, 


142  IIANli-BOOK    OF   TlCNNnSSEi:. 

Woodluiid  Mills,  TTarris,  Fulton,  Obion,  East  Troy,  Palestine 
and  Wilsonviilc.  TIh;  water  courses  of  this  county  arc  incon- 
siderable. 

The  timber  of  Obion  County  is  surpassinj^ly  fine,  consistiiiff  of 
the  various  kinds  of  oak,  poplar,  beech,  birch,  gum,  sassafras, 
ash,  hickory,  maple,  walnut,  etc. 

The  principal  products  of  the  county  are  corn,  wheat,  oatS' 
hay,  cotton,  tobacco,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  sorghum  and 
rye. 

There  are  two  colleges  in  the  county — one  at  Union  City  and 
one  at  Troy. 

The  religious  denominations  are  Baptists,  Methodists,  Cum- 
berland Presbyterians,  Presbyterians,  Christians,  Episcopalians, 
Lutherans  and  Catholics. 

Obion  County  has  four  furniture  factories,  four  ])laning  mills, 
fifty-four  saw^  mills,  one  Avoolen  mill,  four  flouring  mills  and  two 
wagon  factories.  The  capital  invested  in  manufacturing  is  about 
one  million  dollars. 

The  taxes  are  as  follows :  county  tax  on  SlOO,  30  cents ;  road 
tax,  10  cents  ;  school  tax,  20  cents. 

Three  railroads  run  through  the  county,  viz:  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio,  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  and  the  Mem- 
phis and  Paducah. 

The  number  of  hands  engaged  in  manufacturing  industries  is 
about  1 ,500. 

SHELBY  COUNTY 

Lies  in  the  extreme  southwestern  portion  of  the  State.  Mem- 
phis is  the  county  seat  with  a  population,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1 880,  of  33,593.  The  census  was  taken  at  a  time  when 
the  city  was  seriously  depleted  of  its  population  in  consequence 
of  epidemics.  Since  that  time  many  of  its  former  inhabitants 
have  returned  and  the  population,  if  enumerated  at  this  time, 
would  show  a  very  large  increase.  By  a  well-devised  system  of 
sewerage  recently  adopted,  and  other  sanitary  improvements,  it 
is  confidently  believed  that  the  recurrence  of  disastrous  epidem- 
ics is  rendered  improbable,  and  that  henceforth  there  will  be 
nothing  to  prevent  the  prosperity  and  rapid  growth  of  the 
city. 

Memphis  is  favorably  located  as  a  commercial  centre  and  com- 
mands a  large  trade.  Its  business  in  groceries  is  said  to  be 
larger  than  that  of  any  city  in  the   Union  with  the  siilgle  ex- 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  143 

ception  of  Baltimore.  As  a  cotton  market  it  j^ossesses  great  ad- 
vantages and  does  an  immense  business.  It  has  a  good  system 
of  city  schools  besides  a  number  of  important  educational  insti- 
tutions. Memphis?,  though  more  of  a  commercial  than  manu- 
facturing city,  has  quite  a  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  Memphis  and  Little  Rock,  the  Memphis  and  Lou- 
isville, the  Memphis  and  Charleston,  the  Mississippi  and  Ten- 
nessee, and  Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  Southwestern  Railroads  centre 
at  this  point,  and  the  Mississippi  washes  the  foot  of  the  bluff  on . 
which  the  city  stands. 

Other  towns  in  the  county  are,  Bartlet,  Germantown,  Raleigh 
Collierville,  Kerrville,  Woodstock,  Cuba,  White  Haven,  Ridge- 
way,  Frayser,  etc. 

Wolf  River  and  a  number  of  smaller  streams  water  the 
county. 

The  s.nl  is  generally  good,  the  principal  staple  grown  being- 
cotton,  of  which  Shelby  county  produces  more  than  any  other 
county  in  the  LTnion  with  the  single  exception  of  Yazoo  county, 
Mississippi.  Besides  cotton,  all  the  usual  products  of  the  coun- 
try are  grown,  much  attention  being  given  to  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles.    The  culture  of  silk  is  also  attracting  attention. 

Shelby  county  is  well  supplied  with  schools,  and  has  the  usual 
rates  of  county  taxation. 

In  religion  the  people  are  divided  am^ng  all  denominations. 

TIPTON  COUNTY. 

To2:>ography,  generally  level,  northeastern  part  somewhat 
broken. 

Character  of  soil,  black  loam  with  clay  subsoil,  small  portion 
calcareous. 

County  seat,  Covingtoji.     Population,  798. 

Other  towns,  Atoka,  Mason,  Brighton,  Randolph,  Mt.  Zion, 
Garland  and  Tabernacle. 

Navigable  streams.  Big  Hatchie.  Other  streams,  Indian 
Creek,  Mathis'  Creek,  Cane  Creek,  Town's  Creek. 

Timber  abundant.  Oak,  poplar,  gum,  cypress,  ash,  hickory, 
walnut,  maple,  etc. 

Minerals,  limonite  and  buhr  in  small  quantities. 

Principal  agricultural  products,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cotton, 
Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  sorghum,  rye. 

Educational  institutions,  Covington  Male  Academy,  Tipton 


1   14  HAND-HOOK    OF    TRNXESSKK. 

Female  Academy,  Si)jnervillt;  IIifi:li  ScHodI  at  Ml.  Zioii,  Portcrs- 
ville  Male  and  Female  ('ollege. 

Railroads,  Chesapcakf,  Ohiu  and  Soiitliwcstci-ii  runs  tliroiiph 
the  county. 

Principal  reli'jjious  denominations,  Metiiodist,  Baptist,  Presby- 
terian, Christian  and  Episcopalian. 

Taxes  per  SlOO,  county  tax,  .'>0  (!cnts  ;  schuol  tax,  10  cent!?; 
road  tax,  15  cents  ;  railroad,  or  judgment  tax,  81.50. 

WEAKLEY  COUNTY. 

The  southern  and  western  portions  of  the  county  are  level» 
while  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  are  undulating. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  especially  the  southern  and 
western  sections.  Very  fine  farming  lands  are  however  found  in 
the  other  portions  of  the  county. 

Dresden  is  the  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  314. 
Other  towns  in  the  county  are,  Greenfield,  Sharon,   Martin, 
Gardner,  Ralston,  Gleason,  Palmersville,  Boydsville,  Dukedom 
and  Middleberg. 

The  county  is  well  watered  by  the  three  branches  of  the  Obion 
River,  Spring  Creek,  Cypress  Creek,  Mud  Creek  and  Cane 
Creek.  The  three  Obions  and  Spring  Creek  furnish  considera- 
ble water  power. 

The  county  is  abundantly  timbered  wuth  oak,  poplar,  gum,  cy- 
press, hickory,  beech,  birch,  maple,  etc. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  are,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay, 
cotton,  tobacco,  Irish  potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  sorghum,  and  rye. 
The  institutions  of  learning  are  Dresden  High  School,  Masonic 
Institute  at  Gleason,  and  the  Martin  Academy. 

The  taxes  levied  by  the  county  are,  joad  tax,  10  cents  per 
SI  GO  ;  school  tax,  10  cents  ;  and  for  county  purposes,  10  cents. 

There  are  two  stave  factories  in  the  county,  with  a  capital  of 
about  S10,000. 

Two  railroads  pass  through  the  county,  the  Nashville  and 
Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Road,  and  the  New  Orleans,  St.  Louis 
and  Chicago  Road. 

The  usual  reliuious  ori^anizations  are  found  in  the  countv. 


WEST  TENNESSEE, 


TABLE  No.  1. 

Showing  Total  Area  of  each  County,  Quantity  of  Improved  Land, 
'  Average  Value  per  Acre  of  Land  in  the   County,  Population, 
and  Value  of  Property  Assessed  for  Taxes. 


COUXTY. 


Benton 243,300 

Carroll 352.000 

Crockett 166,400 

Decatur 198,400 

Dyer 364,800 

Fayette ....  409,600 

Gibson 352,000 

Hardeman 380,400 

Hardin  390,400 

Haywood 364,800 

Henderson 371,200 

Henry 352,000 

Lake 124,400 

Lauderdale 262,400 

Madison 371,200 

McNairy 441,600 

Obion 1  345,600 

Perry 256,000 

Shelby....  I  441.600 

Tipton I  211,200 

Weakley '  396,800 


Total  Area 
in  Acres. 


Acres 
Improved 


2S 


50,060 
128.300 

69,288 

43,537 

79,185 
201,095 
155,426 
125,462 

75,364 
142,207 

99,171 
140,908 

34,738 

61,975 
129,946 

83,255 
117,073 

37,172 
204,432 
104,023 
135,151 


$3  30 
6  62 
9  72 

3  47 
6  49 
6  43 

10  16 

5  22 

4  04 

6  80 

4  25 

5  25 
9  37 

5  36 

6  67 
3  07 
8  65 
3  12 

11  11 

7  72 

8  00 


9,780 
22,104 
14,108 

8,498 
1.5,118 
31,871 
32,685 
22.921 
14,794 
26,054 
17,429 
22,141 

3,968 
14,918 
30,874 
17,271 
22,923 

7,174 
78,433 
21,033 
24,538 


<^S 


2,802,169 
1,741,860 

746,217 
2,-508,350 
3,485,300 
4,878,675 
2,857,722 
1,468,510 
3.036,254 
1,765,200 
2,416,420 

836,200 
1,733,809 
4,299,155 
1,668,798 
3,465,007 

769,556 

18,876,626 

2,423,217 

3,076,120 


LIVE  STOCK. 


TABLE  No.  2. 

Showing  Total  Number  of  Live  Stock  in  each  Connti/. 


COUNTIES. 


Bentou 

Carroll 

Croulvutt. . . 
Decatur  .... 

Dyer 

Fa3'ette 

Gibson 

Hardeniau. 

Hardin 

Haywood. . 
Henderson. 

Henr>' 

Lake 

Lauderdale 
Madison.... 
McNairy. ... 

Obion 

Perry 

Shelby 

Tipton  .... 
Weakley..., 


HOK8E8 

AND 
MULES. 


3,188 
7,428 
4.o9(J 
2,086 

8,631 
10,44!) 
6,257 
4,700 
6.462 
5,492 
7,697 
1,518 
4,079 
7,118 
4,950 
7,545 
2,462 
10,944 
5,421 
8,. 541 


7,C36 

10,754 

7,547 

6,557 

11,412 

18,612 

1.5,580 

1.5,1.54 

10,. 507 

13,226 

11,798 

9,. 599 

3,  .560 

12,324 

12,562 

12,571 

12,614 

4,806 

22,184 

12,529 

12,462 


4,438 
7,166 
3,6.54 
5  710 
4,467 
4,360 
8,851 
6,842 
8.380 
4,048 
7,678 
8, 139 
500 
2,682 
4.43a 
10,107 
6,974 
4,799 
6,463 
4.651 
6,970 


19,321 
.35.398 
23,039 
17,140 
35,265 
28,. 536 
46,221 
33,768 
29,641 
27,434 
33,180 
40,095 
11,375 
26,916 
28,64. 
2.5,247 
46,924 
16.764 
44,315 
29,945 
4.5,717 


PRODUCTION'  OF  CEREALS. 


TABLE  No.  S. 

Shoiidng  the   Cereal  Productions  of  West  Tennessee  by  Counties 


County. 


Benton 

Carroll 

Crocket 

Decatur 

Dyer 

Fayette 

Gibson  

Hardeman. . 

Hardin  

Haywood  .. 
Henderson . 

Henry 

Lake 

Lauderdale. 

Madison 

McNairy . . . . 

Obion 

Perry 

Shelby 

Tipton 

Weakley .... 


5^ 


12.-) 
80 
.51 


a 

o 

03 

>, 

o 

O 

118 

562,354 

26,832 

1,018,415 

37.694 

198 

626,762 

16,171 

219 

473.924 

26,399 

68 

900,726 

37,371 

325 

1,030,505 

38,129 

316 

1,449,633 

44,282 

32.-. 

767,324 

20,807 

333 

799,739 

3.5,620 

407 

730,949 

29,299 

319 

862,249 

42,176 

1424 

1,128,660 

35,407 

961 

.536,265 

4,266 

580,797 

17,398 

55 

906,255 

31,.542 

516 

678,059 

47,5.59 

190 

1,501,881 

35, 09^ 

162 

423,461 

23,874 

565 

996,210 

72,764 

1717 

762,731 

34,096 

2or, 

1,307,873 

22,583 

467 

19,787 
88,396 
54,431 
14,911 

101,. 523 
18,004 

162.477 
23,991 
29,248 
29,278 
46,941 

124,  .537 
24,293 
24,9.53 
50,918 
30,678 

230,243 
16,051 
23,437 
.56,137 

171,835 


CONCLUSION. 


The  design  in  preparing  this  Hand-book  is  to  give  the  Avorld 
in  convenient  form  such  information  in  regard  to  the  State  of 
Tennessee  as  Avill  enable  those  into  whose  hands  it  may  fall  to 
form  an  intelligent  idea  of  its  resources  and  advantages.  To 
present  these  fairly,  so  as  to  do  justice  to  the  State,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  avoid  making  this  volume  so  large  as  to  interfere 
with  its  general  circulation,  has  been  found  to  be  a  task  of  much 
difficulty. 

Doubtless,  to  the  mere  student  who  reads  purely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  storing  his  mind  with  information,  a  much  more  attrac- 
tive book  might  be  written  upon  the  resources  of  Tennessee. 
But  for  the  busy,  active  world,  for  men  who  are  engaged  in  the 
active  pursuits  of  life,  the  comprehensiveness  of  such  a  book, 
with  its  fullness  of  detail,  would  serve  as  a  bar  to  its  perusal. 
In  pursuance  of  this  view  these  pages  will  be  found  to  contain 
simple  statements  of  facts  and  conditions,  and  the  reader  will  be 
left  to  form  his  own  conclusions. 

Tennessee  has  room  for  many  thousands  of  industrious  and 
energetic  men — farmers,  mechanics,  tradesmen  and  laborers,  as 
well  as  professional  men — who  will  come  and  identify  themselves 
with  the  country.  Such  as  will  come  may  be  assured  of  a  hearty 
welcome. 

The  time  is  propitious,  for  those  who  are  seeking  new  homes, 
to  come  to  Tennessee.  Our  fields  are  now  teeming  with  the 
most  bountiful  crops  ever  grown  in  the  State.  Large  invest- 
ments are  being  made  in  mining  and  manufacturing  enterprises, 
and  activity  prevails  in  all  departments  of  business. 

Trusting  that  the  preceding  pages  may  prove  useful  to  many 
who  are  seeking  information  for  practical  purposes, 
I  subscribe  myself,  respectfully, 

A.  W.  HAWKINS, 

Commissioner. 


CORRECTIONS. 


Page  7,  line  4,  for  southeasterly  read  southwesterly. 

Page  26,  20th  line,  for  $14.80  read  $4.80. 

Page  28,  21st  line,  for  impunity  read  impurity. 

Page  31,  4th  line,  for  Dominion  read  Devonian. 

Page  34,  7th  line,  for  quality  read  quantity. 

Page  35,  4th  and  7th  lines,  for  Dromillard  read  Drouillard. 

Page  38,  2d  line,  for  ball  read  Bald. 

Page  47,  24th  line,  for  Birdsing  read  Byrdsong. 

Page  48,  10th  line,  after  St.  Louis,  read,  and  in  Giles  County 
on  the  Nashville  and  Decatur  Railroad. 

Page  61,  last  paragraph.  Since  this  paragraph  was  in  type 
the  entire  line  of  this  road  has  been  completed. 

Page  75,  1st  line,  for  W.  S.  Doak  read  G.  S.  W.  Crawford. 

Page  76.  Since  this  page  was  in  type  tlie  State  tax  on  prop- 
erty has  been  reduced  to  30  cents,  and  other  taxes  proportion- 
ately reduced. 

Page  78,  14th  line,  for  Professor  McBryde  read  Professor 
John  W.  Glenn. 


APPENDIX. 


COAL    LANDS    ALONG    THE    CINCINNATI 
SOUTHERN     RAILROAD- 


Dr.  A.  W.  Haivkiiis,  Commissioner  of  Agriculhire,  Statistic  sand 

Mines : 

In  response  to  your  request  for  a  short  sketch  of  the  coal 
lands  and  mines  along  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Eailroad,  I  sub- 
mit the  following,  and  call  the  special  attention  of  the  reader  to 
the  map  of  Tennessee,  and  then  to  the  part  colored  red,  showing- 
coal  field  of  Tennessee. 

Beginning  at  the  Kentucky  State  line,  at  Chitwood  Station, 
on  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad,  there  is  found  a  fine  vein 
of  coal,  of  about  an  average  of  06  inches  in  thickness,  which,  as 
you  come  southward  along  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad, 
appears  well  at  Helenwood  Station.  There  the  vein  has  been 
opened  in  numerous  places  on  the  lands  of  the  Helenwood  Coal 
Company.  Their  mines  are  three-fourths  of  a  mile  east  of  the 
depot.  The  coal  is  of  a  very  superior  quality,  and  I  think  not 
excelled  by  any  along  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad.  Com- 
ing on  south  this  vein  of  coal  is  found  entirely  east  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Southern  Railroad,  at  distances  ranging  from  a  half  to 
four  miles,  the  railroad  passing  below  the  level  of  this  coal  soon 
after  leaving  Helenwood. 

We  next  come  to  the  Coal  and  ]Mining-  Company  mines, 
located  one  and  a  half  miles  southeast  of  Glen  Mary  Sta- 
tion. The  vein  they  are  now  working  is  an  average  of  40  inches 
in  thickness,  and  we  have  never  been  able  to  determine  defi- 
nitely whether  or  not  it  is  the  same  as  the  Helenwood  vein.  As 
we  come  on  south,  the  railroad  is  nearer  the  high  mountains  of 
the  great  triangle,  until  at  Pilot  Mountain,  103  miles  north  of 
Chattanooga,  the  (Glen  Mary)  vein  is  found  three-fourths  of  a 
mile  east  of  the  railroad ;  and  above  that  vein,,  about  250  feet 
below  the  top  of  the  mountain,  is  found  a  fine  vein  of  52  inches. 
The  Pilot  Mountain  Coal  and  Mining  Company  have  secured 


154  HAND-BOOK   OF  TENNESSEE. 

this  coal  field  in  their  purchase  of  7,000  acres,  and  are  now  de-' 
veloping  it  for  the  market. 

All  the  coal  above  mentioned  has  proven  to  be  equal  to  the 
great  Coal  Creek  coal,  so  long  mined  and  shipped  all  over  the 
South  from  the  mines  in  Anderson  county,  Tennessee. 

South  of  this  point  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  may  be 
said  to  leave  the  upper  measures  above  mentioned,  as  no  more 
high  mountains  are  found  near  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Rail- 
road, except  the  north  end  of  the  great  Crab  Orchard  Mountain, 
and  the  Pilot  Mountain  west  of  Big  Emory  River,  opposite 
Nemo  Station,  and  from  one  and  a  half  to  three  miles  distant, 
and  in  which  I  am  satisfied  the  two  veins  mentioned  in  Pilot 
Mountain  above  will  be  found ;  but  the  heavy  grades  and  the 
crossing  of  the  Big  Emory  River  will  deter  their  development 
for  some  time,  and  one  other  high  mountain  known  as  Lone 
Mountain,  two  miles  from  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  and 
85  miles  north  of  Chattanooga.  This  mountain  is  being  devel- 
oped Avith  the  expectation  of  finding  the  two  veins  mentioned  in 
Pilot  Mountain,  and  for  the  formation  of  a  coal  company. 

We  next  come  to  the  section  known  as  Walden's  Ridere,  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  running  along  its  southeast  base 
from  Big  Emory  Gap  nearly  to  Chattanooga,  a -distance  of  80 
miles.  About  ten  miles  northeast  of  Big  Emory  Gap  and  at  the 
southeast  base  of  Walden's  Ridge  is  located  the  OaK  .lale  Iron 
Furnace,  now  doing  a  large  business  and  connectea  with  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  ;  and  the  great  Winters  Gap  coal 
property  is  also  connected  with  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad 
by  a  narrow  gauge  railroad,  whole  length  of  22  miles. 

Next  we  come  to  Rockwood,  70  miles  north  of  Chattanooga, 
at  which  place  are  located  the  coal  mines  and  iron  furnaces  of 
the  Roane  Iron  Company,  which  have  proven  to  be  both  large 
and  profitable. 

The  next  is  the  Walden's  Ridge  Coal  Company,  located  seven 
miles  northwest  of  Spring  City,  on  the  Tennessee  and  Sequachee 
Valley  Railroad,  now  being  completed  to  their  mines.  Their 
coal  is  thought  to  be  the  western  outcrop  of  the  Rockwood  vein, 
and  of  fine  quality. 

The  next  are  the  mines  of  the  Dajrton  Coal  and  Iron  Com- 
pany, on  Big  Richland  Creek,  three  miles  northwest  of  Dayton. 
The  Company  is  now  building  a  standard  gauge  railroad  from 
their  mines  to  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  at  Dayton,  and 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  155 

then  on  to  the  Tennessee  Kiver,  a  distance  of  about  seven  miles. 
They  have  three  veins  of  good  working  coal,  and  are  preparing 
to  build  two  large  iron  furnaces  on  their  property  at  Dayton. 

The  next  is  the  Soddy  Coal  Company,  located  at  Rathburn 
Station,  21  miles  north  of  Chattanooga.  This  company  is  now 
among  the  largest  shippers  of  coal  in  the  South,  and  like  the 
Dayton  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  can  work  three  different  veins. 

Next  is  the  Daisy  coal  mines,  at  Melville  Station,  17  miles 
from  Chattanooga  This  company  is  not  in  active  operation  at 
present.  It  seems  to  be  at  the  most  southern  point  on  the  Cin- 
cinnati Southern  Railroad  for  successful  coal  mining ;  and  from 
this  point  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  gradually  bears  off 
from  Walden's  Ridge  until  it  is  about  five  miles  from  Walden's 
Ridge  at  crossing  of  Tennessee  River. 

Yours,  truly, 

WALTER  ALLIN. 


TENNESSEE. 


THE  MINERAL  WEALTH  OF  THE  OLD  VOLUNTEER 

STATE. 


Professor    Colton's    Address    Delivered    Before   the   Press 
Association. 


At  the  meeting  ot  the  Tennessee  Press  Association  at  Bon 
Aqua  Springs,  Prof.  Henry  E.  Colton,  Geologist  of  the  Bureau 
of  Agriculture  and  Mines,  was  invited  to  address  the  Associa- 
tion on  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State,  and  did  so  in  a  brief 
and  pointed  address.  By  request  of  many  of  the  members  of 
the  Association,  Prof.  Colton  has  furnished  a  synopsis  of  his 
speech,  as  follows : 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Association:  It  gives  me 
pleasure  at  any  time  to  meet  with  members  of  the  press  frater- 
nity. I  am  proud  of  the  honor  of  having  belonged  to  that 
brotherhood.  At  one  time  I  was  the  youngest  editor  in  North 
Carolina,  and  I  have  since  had  the  honor  to  serve  under  Horace 
Greeley  and  Manton  Marble.  I  have  "  pulled  "  the  same  old 
press  that  Admiral  Cockburn  burned  in  the  National  Intelli- 
gencer office,  and  I  have  written  editorial  for  a  paper  that  was 
printed  on  the  latest  style,  continuous  sheet,  lightning  press. 
But,  unfortunately,  gentlemen,  I  am  not  now  in  your  honorable 
guild ;  I  now  deal  in  the  dead  past,  you  in  the  living  present, 
and  it  is  by  your  aid  that  I  can  make  that  dead  past  a  part  of 
the  living  present.     I  hate  a  fossilized  idea  so  much  that  I  dis- 


158  HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE. 

like  to  dcnl  in  the  fonsil  of  the  rocks  around  mc.  T  prefer  to 
handle  and  to  hriug  to  li<;ht  the  ores  which,  having  passed  the 
refincrt^'  (ire,  give  us  the  metals  which  furnish  the  iron  ways  of 
travel,  which  aid  u.s  in  making  the  lightning  do  our  bidding^ 
convey  our  thoughts  over  thousands  of  miles  of  space,  and  enter 
into  every  form  of  comfort,  convenience  and  luxury  of  commer- 
cial or  domestic  life.  They  are  the  living  present  of  geology^ 
the  fossils  its  dead  past,  full  of  poetic  interest,  but  valueless  in  a 
practical  view. 

But,  gentlemen,  this  weather  is  too  warm  for  generalities,  nor 
have  we  time  here  for  me  to  enter  into  anything  like  a  full 
description  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State.  It  is  the  idea 
of  some  that  all  of  it  has  been  told.  There  can  be  no  gi eater 
error.  Dr.  Safford's  Geology  of  Tennessee  is  the  most  perfect 
book  of  its  size  I  ever  saw,  and  he  may  be  said  to  have  touched 
every  point  of  the  subject,  but  the  foundation  for  elaborate 
search  is  only  laid  thereby.  The  Geology  of  the  State  of  New 
York  is  twenty  times  as  large,  and  Pennsylvania  has  just  issued 
sixteen  volumes,  any  one  twice  as  large  a*  Safford's,  at  an 
expen.se  of  several  hundred  thousand  dollai-s.  while  Tennessee, 
with  greater  and  more  varied  mineral  resources  than  either,  rests 
with  an  expenditure  for  geological  work  proper  of  not  over 
$25,000.  I  say  greater  resources ;  some  may  challenge  my 
statement.  It  is  true,  we  have  not  the  anthracite  coal  of  Penn- 
sylvania, neither  has  any  olher  part  of  the  world  so  much  of 
that  singular  and  valuable  fuel,  but  with  a  less  area  of  coal 
field  we  have  more  bituminous  coal  than  Pennsylvania.  That 
State  has  seldonl  more  than  one  workable  seam  available;  we 
have  all  over  our  field  more  than  one,  and  over  a  large  part  of 
it  there  are  piled  up  a  dozen  seams,  eight  to  nine  of  which  are 
over  three  feet  thick.  And  all  these  are  far  above  water  level. 
We  do  not  go  down  into  deep  shafts  for  our  coal,  but  simply  cut 
into  the  side  of  a  hill  towering  far  above  any  possibility  of  flood-' 
ing  or  need  of  pumps.  New  York  has  not  any  coal,  hence  we 
easily  surpass  her  there.  In  iron  ores  we  have  all  that  either  or 
both  States  have,  and  much  they  have  not.  It  is  true  that  only 
a  small  part  of  the  great  Alleghany  magnetic  ore  vein  is  in  our 
State,  but  just  in  a  stone's  throw  over  the  line  in  North  Caro- 
lina is  nn  immense  quantity  which  is  entirely  dependent  upon 
us  for  smelting  fuel,  and  just  now  one  ot'  Pennsylvania's  most 
wealthy  iron  men  has  finished,  at  great  expense,  a  railroad,  45 


HAND-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE.  159 

miles  long  in  our  State,  to  reach  these  ores  that  he  may  carry 
them  to  Pennsylvania.  New  York  has  these  magnetites,  but 
not  in  any  greater  abundance  than  exist  in  our  Alleghany 
region.  The  day  will  come  when  this  Western  North  Carolina 
region,  ours  by  the  ties  of  trade  and  topography  as  it  is  in  the 
relationship  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  will  be  as  famed  for  its 
mines  of  magnetic  and  specular  iron,  ores  of  copper,  nickel,  man- 
ganese and  chrome  as  is  now  the  Lake  Superior  country,  and  all 
of  them  must  come  to  our  coal  to  be  made  useful,  come  to  our 
coal  not  by  the  long  lake  and  rail  route,  part  of  which  is  frozen 
half  the  year,  but  by  only  a  few  miles  of  direct  railroad,  with- 
out any  trans  shipment.  Gentlemen,  I  may  have  stepped  over 
into  North  Carolina  a  little  in  this,  but  it  all  means  Tennessee, 
and  it  is  only  the  m.other  deeding  some  of  her  wealth  to  the 
child.  The  coal  of  Tennessee  and  the  vast  mineral  wealth  of 
that  Alleghany  region  were  destyied  by  nature  to  be  joined 
together,  and  the  railroads  now  being  built  are  only  completing 
the  banns  which  nature  proclaimed  thousands  of  years  ago. 

I  said  that  Tennessee's  resources  were  greater  and  more  varied 
than  Pennsylvania  or  New  York,  and  I  add  of  any  other  State 
in  the  Union  Others  have  more  of  one  or  another  specialty, 
but  she  is  independent  in  herself.  She  has  a  little;of  all,  and  a 
great  deal  of  the  two  chief  elements  of  wealth— iron  and  coal. 
She  may  not  have  as  much  zinc  or  lead  as  Missouri,  but  in  her 
borders  are  rich  mines  of  both;  no  State  has  in  the  same  limited 
area  a  greater  supply  of  copper  ore;  manganese  of  the  best 
quality  is  in  her  mountains;  cobalt  and  nickel  are  known  to 
exist;  and  while  her  silver  and  gold  may  be  scarce,  yet  both 
have  been  found,  and  it  can  not  be  said  of  them  that  they  do 
not  exist  or  that  their  quantity  is  positively  known.  Her 
petroleum  has  flowed  out  in  hundreds  of  barrels,  yet  its  quantity 
is  equally  an  unsolved  problem.  Neither  is  West  Tennessee, 
the  fertile  land  of  corn  and  cotton,  deficient  in  a  character  of 
mineral  wealth.  Her  clays  have  no  superior  in  quality  nor 
quantity,  and  the  green  sands  of  McNaiiy  may  yet  be  as  great 
a  source  of  profit  to  the  miner  and  the  agriculture  of  the  State 
as  those  of  Freehold  and  Monmouth,  New  Jersey.  Hence,  gen- 
tlemen, having  as  much  bituminous  coal  as  Pennsylvania,  which 
New  York  has  not,  having  in  our  reach  and  in  our  own  moun- 
tains as  much  magnetic  iron  ore  as  either  of  these  other  States, 
having  other  iron  ore  in  greater  quantities  than  either  State, 


160  ND-BOOK  OF  tknnk,sret:. 

having  copper,  wliich  ncitlier  lias,  lead  and  zinc,  .surpassing  one, 
and  perhaps  fully  equalling  the  other,  comparing  favorably  with 
them  in  other  minerals,  having  the  green  sands  and  clays  which 
they  bring  from  New  Jersey,  am  I  not  sustained  in  saying  that 
Tennessee's. mineral  wealth  is  greater  and  more  varied  than 
Pennsylvania  or  New  York?  It  is  for  you  gentlemen  to  aid 
me  in  publishing  this  to  the  world.  There  is  no  paper  so  insig- 
nificant but  it  has  an  influence  with  some  one. 

Besides  the  greatness  and  variety  of  her  ores,  Tennessee  has 
iron  ores  of  a  character  that  exists  in  no  other  part  of  the  world 
known  to  geological  science  except  immediately  on  her  border  in 
Kentucky  and  a  small  strip  in  Illinois.  I  refer  to  the  immense 
beds  of  iron  ore  in  the  fields  now  around  you.  Every  shore  in 
this  great  highland  region,  wherever  you  reach  a  certain  altitude 
above  that  peculiar  limestone  which  crops  out  of  yonder  hill, 
you  will  find  iron  ore,  and  the  higher  above  that  limestone  the 
greater  is  likely  to  be  the<ieposit  of  ore.  This  ore  is  found  in  a 
formation  which  nowhere  else  has  any  ore  except  in  a  few  lim- 
ited instances.  Its  position  is  different  from  any  other  in  this 
State  ;  there  is  none  in  like  rocks  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Pennsylvania 
or  New  York,  nor  in  the  budding  and  rich  State  of  Virginia. 
This  fact  has  caused  many  to  think  that  its  quantity  was  small. 
If  it  was  not  in  Pennsylvania  why  it  could  not  be  much  if  any- 
where else.  But  the  same  nature  that  has  given  us  the  piled  up 
seams  of  coal,  that  has  given  us  a  half  dozen  distinct  seams  of 
red  fossil  iron  ore,  where  Pennsylvania  has  one,  that  has  given 
us  that  wonderful  work,  to  us  so  common,  the  Middle  Tennessee 
Basin,  also  placed  ail  around  the  rim  of  that  basin,  near  Cob 
Slatter's  home  in  Winchester  as  well  as  here  in  Hickman,  a  vast 
belt  formed  of  a  series  of  beds  of  iron  ore.  The  belt  is  rudely 
torn  away  on  the  north  and  somewhat  on  the  south,  but  its  crescent 
arms  reach  out  to  wliere  they  once  were  clasped.  If  the  geology 
of  Tennessee  had  no  other  point  of  interest,  this  vast  deposit  of  ores 
and  this  peculiar  location  would  of  itself  be  a  great  attraction. 
I  said  many  have  stated  that  they  were  not  in  quantity,  others 
said  that  they  were  local.  I  have  paid  particular  attention  to 
both  ideas.  My  investigations  show  that  the  quantity  is  beyond 
any  possible  computation ;  that  they  are  persistent  and  continu- 
ous from  in  Kentucky  to  the  Alabama  line;  that  mere  outside 
show  is  not  a  positive  indication  of  the  quantity  under  the 
ground,  and  the  absence  of  any  sign  of  ore  not  a  positive  sign 
that  it  does  not  exist.     In  Lawrence  County  I  have  ridden  for 


HAND-BOOK    OF    TENNESSEE.  161 

miles  where  every  step  of  my  horse's  feet  touched  ore,  and  I  have 
ridden  in  Stewart  a  long  distance  where  there  was  hardly  a  brown 
pebble,  but  a  shaft  or  cut  every  now  and  then  showed  ore  to 
exist  beneath,  and  at  one  end  of  the  ridge  120  tons  per  day  were 
being  mined.  There  is  an  end  to  everything  human,  but  it  will 
be  many  years  beyond  the  lives  of  many  of  us  before  the  ores  of 
this  region  will  cease  to  be  found  in  quantity  sufficient  for  the 
profitable  manufacture  of  iron. 

Beyond  the  Tennessee  River  is  a  belt  of  ore  which  has  been 
looked  upon  with  as  much  suspicion  by  Tennesseeans  as  the 
Highland  ores  have  been  by  foreigners.  I  call  this  the  Browns- 
port  belt.  There  is  no  other  ore  like  it  in  Tennessee,  but  it  is 
largely  used  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  It  was  supposed  to 
be  of  very  limited  area,  but  my  examination  shows  that  it  is 
quite  extensive,  reaching  up  into  Benton  and  probably  into  Hen- 
derson counties. 

I  do  not  propose  to  enter  into  details,  but  to  briefly  summarize 
the  ores  of  Tennessee,  coming  from  the  magnetite  and  specular 
ores  of  the  Unaka  Mountains.  In  their  foot-hills,  in  the  Chil- 
howee  Mountains  and  its  lateral  ridges,  are  immense  deposits  of 
limonite,  skirting  with  a  vast  wall  of  almost  solid  ore,  sometimes 
dozens  of  feet  thick,  the  whole  eastern  side  of  the  East  Tennes- 
see Valley.  Coming  across  this  valley  we  cross  three  lines  of 
red  fossil  ore,  the  seams  ranging  from  one  to  ten  feet  in  thick- 
ness, and  reach  to  the  great  continuous  seam  at  the  foot  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains — the  seam  that,  without  an  interrup- 
tion, stretches  from  Chattanooga  to  Cumberland  Gap,  over  165 
miles,  that  is  from  three  to  five  feet  thick  and  pitches  down  into 
the  earth,  no  one  knows  how  far.  A  shaft  100  feet  deep  has  not 
fathomed  it.  Then  across  this  mountain  in  the  Sequatchee  Val- 
ley the  same  ore  stretches  out  for  seventy-five  miles.  In  Penn- 
sylvania, from  a  few  miles  of  this  same  ore,  millions  of  tons 
have  been  taken,  and  the  seam  supplies  ore  for  many  furnaces. 
How  vast  in  comparison  is  our  supply ! 

Coming  across  the  mountains  in  the  highland  region  of  the 
foot-hills  of  Franklin,  Coffee,  Warren,  White,  Putnam  and 
Overton,  is  a  store-house  of  ore  almost  unknown  and  entirely 
undeveloped.  Of  the  highland  region  and  that  west  of  the 
Tennessee  I  have  spoken,  but  I  have  passed  over  the  immense 
ore  body  of  the  coal  measures  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains, 
because  as  yet  and  for  many  years,  likely,  it  will  lie  unneeded 
and  unused. 


162  HANP-BOOK    OF   TENNESSEE. 

Gentlemen,  our  coal  is  unsurpasseil  in  quality ;  the  coke  from 
it  is  no  longer  an  experiment;  for  years  St.  Louis  and  Terre 
Haute  furnaces  have  used  it  with  satisfaction.  Our  own 
furnaces  show  it*  good  qualities  in  their  goo<l  results.  No 
furnaces  of  like  construction  make  iron  with  less  fuel.  The 
quantity  of  our  coal  is  beyond  any  reasonable  calculation,  and 
our  iron  ores  are  of  equal  quantity.  These  are  the  great 
elements  of  wealth  and  prosperity.  We  need  to  have  these 
elements  better  known  and  better  appreciated.  If  we  would  be 
respected  abroad  we  must  respect  ourselves  at  home.  Few  of 
oar  owTi  people  have  any  idea  of  the  wealth  of  our  own  State. 
It  is  your  privilege  and  your  duty  to  educate  them.  The  State 
needs  a  Tennessee  spirit.  Unfortunately  diA-ided  in  topography, 
in  soil,  products  and  climate,  there  has  arisen  a  triple  interest — 
a  section  partyism.  It  should  cease  forever.  Every  cotton 
plant  that  fails  in  West  Tennessee  adds  to  the  burden  on  the 
iliddie  Tennesseean's  grass  or  the  cost  of  the  East  Tennesseean's 
coal  or  iron  ore.  Every  time  the  yellow  scourge  travels  through 
the  streets  of  Memphis  the  wealth  of  other  sections  is 
decreased.  Every  brick  laid  for  factory  or  forge  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tennessee  or  the  Cumberland ;  every  new  tunnel  opened 
into  the  dingy  seams  which  girt  the  sides  of  the  Cumberland 
Mountains :  every  drift  cut  into  the  brown  ma.sses  of  the  High- 
land Rim  or  the  blood-named  seams  of  East  Tennessee,  adds  to 
the  aggregate  wealth  of  the  whole  State,  and  lessens  the  pro 
rata  burden  of  everyone  in  West  Tennessee.  Give  us  your  aid. 
gentlemen,  then,  in  building  up  all  the  State,  and  let  me  urge 
you  that  wherever  a  new  enterprise,  be  it  mine  or  factory,  wher- 
ever a  new  resource  is  noted,  give  it  to  the  world  through  your 
columns.  2so  one  knoAvs  where  the  seed  sown  may  bring  forth. 
Some  one  in  another  State  sees  each  and  every  one  of  your 
papers  who  sees  no  o^her  paper  from  this  State.  A  small  item 
may  start  an  inquiry  that  will  cause  the  investment  of  thousands 
of  dollars  of  capital.  But  above  all,  gentlemen,  it  is  my  viev; 
that  Tennesseeans  should  be  learned  to  appreciate  Tennessee. 
Nowhere  else  on  earth  is  there  purer  air  or  bettei"  water,  nowhere 
a  kindlier  soil,  one  which  yields  more  willingly  to  the  hand  of 
industry.  She  has  every  variety  of  climate,  tree  growth,  soil 
and  minerals.  He  who  seeks  can  spend  his  summers  amid  the 
balsams  of  Canada  or  westward  amid  the  flora  of  the  sourthern 
tropics.  Up  amid  the  mountains  of  Johnson  one  may  grow  the 
cranberries  and  buckwheat   of  Northern   New    York,   and    in 


HAXD-BOOK    OF    TE>rXE*?EE.  163 

Shelby  the  orange  and  the  rice  of  Florida.  The  grand  wild 
cherry  towers  'mid  the  high  dark  cones  of  the  Unakas,  and  the 
magnolia  grows  to  perfection  on  the  banks  of  the  Hatchie  and 
Forked  Deer.  Xo  grander  scenery  exists  in  the  world  than  lies 
hid  amid  the  wild  fastnesses  of  the  Unaka!s ;  from  no  point  in 
the  world  is  there  a  grander  view  than  from  Lookout ;  nor  can 
anywhere  the  eye  rest  on  a*  fairer  scene  of  agricultural  beauty 
than  from  the  western  cliffs  of  the  Cumberland ;  nor  do  nature's 
convulsions  anywhere  show  a  more  wonderfiil  piec«  of  work  than 
Reelfoot  Lake.  But  I  can  not  here  enumerate  all  her  advan- 
tages. Why  should  any  one  leave  the  State  ?  Has  any  one 
ever  left  it  who  did  not  wish  he  was  back,  and  has  any  one  left 
it  who  would  not  have  done  as  well  here  had  he  used  the  same 
economy  and  worked  as  hard  ?  But  some  will  go,  and  there  is 
room  for  many  thousands  more  than  will  stay,  and  I  ask  your 
aid  in  so  bringing  to  light  and  notice  every  advantage  and  every 
resource  of  the  State  that  the  vacant  places  may  be  more  than 
filled,  so  that  the  Kght  of  a  hundred  furnaces  shall  glare  over 
the  State,  the  busy  hum  of  the  spindle  be  heard  on  huiidreds  of 
now  idle  water  powers,  and  not  a  bale  of  cotton  be  sent  out  of 
the  State :  every  hill  and  vale  of  ]Middle  Tennessee's  feirtile  lands 
be  strained  to  feed  thousands  of  diggers  of  iron  and  coal  and  of 
copper,  and  West  Tennessee  reap  not  the  least  part  of  her  reward 
in  growing  the  cotton  to  clothe  them  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  pottery  for  their  use,  which  can  not  be  made  anywhere  more 
cheaply  or  of  better  qualitv. 


TA.BLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Geography  of  Tennessee 5 

Mountains 5 

Rivers,  Lakes,  etc., 6-7 

Topography 8-10 

Geological  Features   11-17 

Coal 18-26 

Iron  Ores 27-3 

Copper 36-37 

Gold 38 

Zinc 39-40 

Lead    41-42 

Manganese 42 

Marble 43-47 

Building  Stones,  Roofing  Slates,   Clays,  and  Glass 

Sand ; 48-50 

Petroleum 51 

Timber 52-53 

Lakes,  Bayous,  Rivers  and  Creeks 54-56 

Railroads 57-63 

Agricultural   Products •. 64-66 

Climate 67-69 

Live  Stock 70-73 

Horses 70 

Cattle 70-71 

Hogs 71-72 

Sheep 72-73 

Poultry 73 

Bees 73 

State  Polity 74-75 

Property  and  Taxation 76 

Public  Roads 77 

Manufacturing 78 

Educational 79 

Churches 80 

Benevolent  Institutions 81 


1(56 


fOXTENTS. 


J'AGK 

Ivift  Tennesf'ce  Statistics H^ 

Table  (1) 84 

Table  (2 ) 85 

Table  (3) 86 

Civil  Divisions 87 

East  Tennessee 87 

Counties  of  East  Tennessee 87-104 

Anderson 87-88 

Bledsoe 88 

Blount 89 

Bradley 89-90 

Campbell 90 

Carter 90-91 

Claiborne ; 92 

Cocke 91-92 

Grainger   92 

Greene 92-93 

Hamblen 93 

Hamilton 93-94 

Hancock 94-95 

Hawkins 95 

James 95-96 

Jefferson 96 

Johnson 96-97 

Knox 97-98 

Loudon 98 

Marion 98 

McMinn " 99 

Meigs 99 

Monroe 99-100 

Morgan 100 

Polk : 100-101 

Rhea 101 

Roane 101-102 

Scott 102 

Sequatchie 102 

Sevier 102-103 

Sullivan 103 

Unicoi    103 

Union 103 

Washington 104 


CONTENTS.  167 

PAGE 

Middle  Tennessee 105-130 

Counties  of  Middle  Tennessee 106-130 

Bedford 106 

Cannon 106 

Cheatham 107 

Clay 107 

Coffee 108 

Cumberland 108 

Davidson 109-110 

Dickson 110 

DeKalb '. 110-111 

Fentress Ill 

Franklin 111-112 

Giles    112 

Grundy 112-113 

Hickman 113-114 

Houston ' 114 

Humphreys 114-115 

Jackson 115 

Lawrence 115-116 

Lewis 116 

Lincoln   110-117 

Macon ^. 117 

Marshall 117-118 

Maury 118 

Montgomery 118-119 

Moore 119 

Overton 119-120 

Perry 120 

Putnam. 120 

Picket 120-121 

Robertson 121 

Rutherford 121-122 

Smith 122 

Stewart 122-123 

Sumner 123 

Ti'ousdale 123-124 

Van  Buren 124 

Warren   124-125 

Wayne 125 

White 125-126 

Williamson   126 


ir.8  CONTENTS. 

PAOK 

Wilson  126-127 

Statistics  of  Middle  Tennessee 1 28-130 

Ttible  1 128 

Table  2   ]  29 

Table  3 130 

West  Tennessee 131-147 

Counties  of  West  Tennessee 131-144 

Benton 131-132 

Carroll 132-133 

Chester 133 

Crockett • 133-134 

Decatur ' 134 

Dyer 134 

Fayette 135 

Gibson 135-136 

Hardeman 136 

Hardin 137 

Haywood 137-138 

Henderson 138 

Henry 138-139 

Lake 139 

Lauderdale 139-140 

Madison 140-141 

McNairy I4I 

Obion 141-142 

Shelby 142-143 

Tipton 143-144 

Weakley 144 

Statistics  of  West  Tennessee 145-147 

Table  1 145 

Table  2 146 

Table  3 147 

Conclusion 149 

Corrections 150 

Appendix 151-163 

Coal  Lands  along  the  Cincinnati  Southern  R.  R 153-155 

Mineral  Wealth  of  Tennessee — Address 157-163 


Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


mR 


SEP  OS 


Form  L9 — 15m-10,'48(B1039)444 


UNIVERSITY  of  CALIFORWiA 

AT 
LOS  ANGELES 


JIC_ 


Tennessee*     Bur- 


107       eau  of  agricul^ 
T2A5     turSf   statistics 
1832    "ana" mines.  » 


Handbook  of 
Tennessee. 


HC 
107 
T2A5 
1882 


L  009  607  004  0 


